Chemistry for Water (Hydrogen) PDF

# Chemistry for Water (Hydrogen) ## Ice and Water - Generally, Density: Solid > Liquid - But Ice < Water ## Structure of Ice (Solid) - **Total no. of hydrogen bonds = 4** - 2O + 2xp = 4cp3 - 2 from hydrogen and 2 free - USP³ (Tetrahedro) lone-patk ## Vacant Space - Tetrahedral Cage Structure -...

# Chemistry for Water (Hydrogen) ## Ice and Water - Generally, Density: Solid > Liquid - But Ice < Water ## Structure of Ice (Solid) - **Total no. of hydrogen bonds = 4** - 2O + 2xp = 4cp3 - 2 from hydrogen and 2 free - USP³ (Tetrahedro) lone-patk ## Vacant Space - Tetrahedral Cage Structure - Volume of Ice ↑ - Density ↓ - Mass ↑ - Volume ↑ - There is always little gap left b/w two tetrahedrals ## Hardness of Water ### Soft Water - Forms leather with soap - Absence of dissolved Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ ### Hard Water - Sludge soft sess bemnacibee ppt. - Boor cond, cef heat - Forme by stbs tance - have greater Solubility in hot water, ### Temporary Hardness - HCO₂ of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ - Doesn't not form dissol Ca(HCO₃)₂. - Mg(HCO₃)₂ - Dissolved Salts (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ - Waste dissolved salts of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ - HCO₃ SOM I NÓ - We can't use soap with Ca²⁺, HCO₃, SO₄, NO₃ ### Permanent Hardness - Hardness can't be removed by boiling - Can't be removed by boiling - Ca²⁺, so₄, NO₃ - We can use soup with CO⁻² ### Problems of using Hard water in Bain - Sludge, Scale, Priming, foaming, corrosion - The hard adhering coating deposited on inner wall of boileres Scale **Temporary Hardness** - H₂O + CO₂ + H₂O → CaCO₃ + H₂O - This compound (Mg(OH)₂ is not formed - It can be removed by boiling only - During boiling of water having temporary hardness, Mg (HCO₃)₂ is converted to Mg (OH)₂ - **The solubility** - **Solubility product of Mg (OH)₂ is greater than that of Mg CO₂** - The loose andslimy percipitate deposited on wall of boiler is called seudge - Cracks are developed ing - Over the years due to deposition of Salts **Clark's Processi** - (To remove Temp. Hardness) - Ca to convert di (better method), Carbonate - In this method we used Ca(OH)₂ (lime water], - To remove Temp. hardness - Ca(HCO₂)₂ + Ca(OH)₂ - Mg(HCO₂)₂ + Ca(OH)₂ - Sinca, no heat is involved, hence, no cracks - Sludge are developed. ## Removal of Permanent Hardness - (Ce, Soyed, Nos of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) - Can't be removed by boiling 1. **Washing soda** - CaCO₃ + Na₂CO₃ → CaCO₃↓ + Nach - MgSO₄ + Na₂CO₃ → MgCO₃↓ + NazSO₄ - This compound (Mg(OH)₂ is not formed - Can't used for treating acidic water 2. **Calgon method** → sodium hexa-metalics Hand cator washed with 10%. Nace soen to rester - Bónica acid H₃BO₃ - Buracion (BO₃)³⁻ - Metha borate (BO₂)⁻ - Sodium bexa-Meta Phosphate - **Represented as - Na₂ [Nay (PO₃)₆]** - CaCl₂ + Na₂ [Nay (PO₃)₆] → Na₂ [Na₂O (PO₃)₆] + 2Nace - Can't cause hardness - **Since Mg⁺² (Ca²⁺ ion is traped within complex orion, it would not cause any hardness** 3. **Permuttit/Zeolite Method** - Used - Sodium Aluminium Silicate - CaCO₃ + [Na₂Al₂Si₂O₈] → Ca [Al₂Si₂O₈] + 2Nacl - MgSO₄ + Na₂ [Al₂Si₂O₈] → Mg₂Si₂O₈ + Na₂SO₄ - Steppen layer of zeolite - [Na₂Al₂Si₂O₈] - Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ - Zeolite as can be reused **Cation and Anion exchange resin / Synthetic resin** ## CTM - **Best Method** - **PO₃ Meta Phosp ion** - **Cation exchanger R-S-OH+** → functional group - **Pinion exchanger- R-NH₃ SH** - **Na(PO₃) Na₂PO₃λ₆** - **Step 1- Ration exchange** - CaCO₃ + (R-S-O₃)H+ → (R-S-O₃)₂Ca²⁺ + HCO₃ - Ca²⁺ + (R-S-O₃) HT→ (R-S-O₃)₂ Cat² + (2H ) - (cation is trapped) - - Make Acidic water - **Step 2- Anign exchange** - Cl+R-NH₃OH→ R-NH₃CE + OH - (Resin) ## Chemical properties of water 1. **Amphoteric Natore!** - In Bronsted sense it acts an acid with NM₃ - H₂O(l) + NH₃(aq) → OH (aq) + NMy+ (aq) - and abs base with H₂S. - H₂O (l) + H₂S (aq) → H₃O+ (aq) + HS (aq) - **H** - **OS** - **→ OH + NMy** - **H** - **H** - **H** - **H** 2. **Redox reactions involving water:** - It can be easily reduced to **dinydrogen** by highly electropositive metals. - 2H₂O(l) + 2 Na(s) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H₂(g) - It can be easily oxidised to **dioxygen** during **photosynthesis.** - 6CO₂(g) + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6O₂(g) - With flourine also it is oxidized to **2** - 2P₂ (g) + 2120(l) → 4H+(aq) + 4 f(aq) +O₂ **General Properties** - Sustainable erge - Universal savent - Dielectric constant - 78.39 - 4´H´ bonds in Ice - **OH** - **Polar Sp³ hybridised →** - In Polar Sp³ hybridised - 70% by mass in Humans - 71% earth surface - 90% by mass in planet - Smax=4. - Boiling Point = 100℃ - M.P=0℃ ## Facts - Fresh water-3% - Saline water - 97% - Surface water-1% - Ground Water - Ice Gaps water-17% - I of Earth water - **In Fresh waty** ## Soap - C₁₇H₃₅COONa (sodium stearate) - C₁₇H₃₅coo Na - **Sodium Potassium Salts** of long chain of carboxylicacid - **Kalled as fatty acid carboxylate** ## General Formula - **R-C-0--Nat** ## Detergents - **Soapless soap** - Sodium Salt of Sulphonic add - (R-SO₃ Na) or Ammonium salts with chlorides orBrodiso etc. - **Chemical composition is diff soap** - **Cleansing action is Similar to soap** ## Structure of soap molecule - **To** - **Head** - **Ko Nat** - **→ Similar Tadpole** - **Tail part** Long hydrocarbon chain - **Non polar** - **Sorubele, in vil futes** - **Hydrophobic** - **Patar (having bores; tregimo)** - **Soluble in water** - **Hydrophilic** ## Cleansin action of soap / Detergent - It dissolves in water - Surfactant ions orientate themselves in grease and water - Agitation begin to separate grecue from Surface - Process continues - Cleaning complete. ## Miscelle - be cause & same - charges reper Each other - & hince clustes maintains its structure. - **Naf Nat** - **Nat** - **Nat** - **Nat** - **Naf Nat** - **Nat** - **Derergents can be used in acidic medium vet but Soaps can't be** - **Till entire, hardness of water is not removed Soap will not farm lather; Detergent makes lather with hard water** - **Soaps doesn't work with hard water** - 2 (C₁₇H₃₅COONa + MgCl₂→ (C₁₇H₃₅C00)₂ Mg + 2NaCl - Hardness Scum (white ppt) - 2 C₁₇H₃₅COONa + CaCl₂→ (C₁₇H₃₅C00)₂Ca + 2NaCl - (Scum)white ppt ## (≡) → equivalent sigh ## Unit of hardness 1. **ppm (mg/l)** ## Degree. French (oFr) - milliequivalent/litre ## Degree Clark (°cl) - milliequivalent/litre ## Conversion - 1 ppm = Img/l - 1ppm = 0.Pofr - 1ppm = 0.07°cl - 1 ppm - 1mea//L - 1ppm = I part of CaCO₃ - 10⁵ parts by weight - **Hardness of water is calculate in terms of CaCO₃** - **Molarmass** - **CaCO₃ = 100/ - **Ca(HCO₃)₂ = 162 - **MgCl₂ = 95 - **CaSO₄ = 136 - **MgSO₄ = 120 - **C-12** - **H-1** ## Perm MgCl₂ - **hard** - **As-** - **mgSO₄** - **(concept)** ## Hardness of water - 300 mg/l or 300ppm - **In a sample of water 1.I1 mg/l CaCl₂ is present Find hardness in ppm** - CaCl₂ - **MA** - 111 - 1'limg/l CaCl₂ = 100mg CaCO₃ - 1mg CaCl₂ = 10⁸mg CaCO₃ - 111 - I'll mg CaCl₂ = 1111x100 CaCO₃ - 1 mg/l CaCl₂ = 1111x100/ 1 ppm - **hardness of water = 1 mg/l CaCl₂/ 1ppm** - **= 111ppm** ## Ques- - In Sample of 1 litre of hard water, 408 mg/l CaSO₄, is present AS- - Find hardness of water equivalent to CaCO₃ - **CaSO₄-408 - 136 - Img CaSO₄ = 1⁰⁰ - 204/36 - 100ging CaCO₃ - 108ing CaSO₄ = 408x100 - 3 - X3 mg CaCO₃ - 34 - =300mg** ## Following Salts are present. - Ca(HCO₃)₂ 4mg/l - Mg (HCO₃)₂ 6mg/l - CaSO₄ 38mg/l - MgSO₄ long - **Then, find Total heardness of Permanent for Temporary in ppm; france** - **Ca (HCO₃)₂= 162/ 100 - **CaCO₃ = 146 - **16.2 mg Ca(HCO₃)₂ = 2.47mg** - **140mg Mg (HCO₃)₂ = 100 mg CaCO₃ - **6mg Mg(HCO₃)₂ = 100 mg CaCO₃ - **146 - **100 x6 = 4.11mg** ## Total Temporary hardness= (2.47+4.II)mg CaCO₃ - **= 6.58 mg/l** - **= 6.58ppm** - **1 ppm = 0.07°cl** - **6.58ppm = 0.07x6.58°cl** - **= 0,4606°C AS** - **1 ppm = 011°EM** - **6.58ppm = 0,1°fMx6.58 = 0,658°FMAS** ## 136mg CaSO₄ = 100mg CaCO₃ - **8 ing CaSO₄ = 3 x 100mg CaCO₃ - **39 - **=mg** - **5,88 mg CaCO₃** ## 120mgSO₄ = 100 mg CaCO₃ - **10my - **Mgson = 10 x 100 = 3.33mg CaCO₃ - **120** ## Total Permanent hardness = (5.88+8.33) mg - **= 14.2mg/ℓ** - **1 ppm = 0.07°cl** - **14.2 ppm = 14.2.х0.07°cя** - **= 0.994°ce Ae** ## Total hardness of water (Temporary & Permanen) - **= 6.58ppm +14.20pm** - **= 20.78 ppm** - **1 ppm = 0.1°fr** - **20.78ppm = 2.078°FM** - **1 ppm = 0.07° Вт ся** - **20.18ppm = 0.07 x 20.78ace** - **=1.4566°ch** ## Ques- - In Sample of loome water car contains - 25 ml, 0.04N MgSO₄ causing hardness. - Change-MgSO₄ -2 - Normality (N) = 0.04 N - Volume 25ml - e = Molarmass = 120 - 2 - N = 1000W(g) - Charge - ev(mo) - e=60 - 0.04 = 1000xW(g) - 60x2 - W=0.06g - **equivalent weight** - 60x25 - 0.06g - **ppm = 1000W(g)1 - ppm = 14.2 - 1 ppm = 0.07°cя. - 14.2 ppm = 14.2.холота ся - = 0.994°ce Ae** - **W = 6gmg** - **120 mg MgSO₄ = 100mg CaCO₃ - 60 mg mg SO₄ = 100mg CaCO₃ - 20 - = 50 mg - mg CaCO₃ - **100ml = 50mg CaCO₃ - **1000 ml = 100x = 1000x50 mg CaCO₃ - **= 500 - **mg**** ## Hardness = 500 mg/l = 500ppm AS ## Q- In 1oome sample of hard water, for neutralisation 0.12N HCl uses 12 ml HCl. Find hardness - Loome hard water - 12ml - 1 - 0112N HCl. ## Normality Equation - NIVI = 22 Neutral - LHS gram equivalent = RHS gram equivalent ## Acc. to normality ew - NIVI = N₂V₂ - K₂0.12×12ml = 100me XN₁ - Ni (normality) = 1144 - 100 - N=10000 - W - ev - 20 - -1144- - toopw - 100 $X100 - 0=0.72 - 10 - W = 0.072g= 72 ng - CaCO₃ 100. - e = Molarmas - Charge - =100=50 - 2 ## → nipp my n´mgle´ ## Hardness of water in 'n' ppm means "n" - Parts of CaCO₃ is present 10⁶parts of - Water ## ## Hardenss of - water in 'n' mg/l means - "n" mg of CaCO₃ is present in 1lcf wat - **EDTA = Ethylene di-amine Tetra acetic acid** - **(C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈)** - **H** - **H** - **H** - **C-COOM** - **HCOO-G** - **I** - **H** - **C-COOH** - **H** - **H** - **H** - **N** - **H** ## EDTA method - EBT-enichrome Blact T 1. hard water 2. EDTA Solb 3. EBT indicator 4. Buffer Solh 5. Burrete 6. Pippete ## This method used ## EDTA To deremine Total hardness using EBT ## Step 1- ## Preparing of 0.01 (M) EDTA Soln - 1mg EDTA = 1mg of CaCO₃ ## Step 2- tran Prepare hard water Soln - (10-15mg - Bufferson - Amonilid - buff or soob - Harwates - (NHY OH-NHyCl) - maintain Pli (9-10) - wine put - Red - Spen - 13-4 dợp - ROTA - EBT - louml - vol meas, ## After adding EBT colour changes - wineRed - Because EBT react hardness causin Compound and farms comply ## Compound. - EDTA Solh - (0.01M) ## - Put jar of wine red soon under burrere of EDTA suen. - Dropby Drop EDTA Soon will soen obtain drop mixed while sti - Stir - P - **NONG** - (۲) - 12 ## Advantages of EDTA method - great accuracy - convenience - more rapid procedure ## Summary ## Hard water thuffersoen PH of water is - (NHYOH-NHyCl) maintained b/w (9-18 - Alcholic soon of blue dye used for - Hard water + EBT titration (PH≈10) - Cat²⁺/Mg²⁺ + EBT (a+2/Mg+2 EBT - Pitration. - 妙 - Ca+2/mg+2 EBT+EDTA - (wine red) (Unstable. - (Coloureless) - Ca+2/mg+2 - +EBT - A - BDT - (Blue) (Stable ## Concept - **EDTA of 0.01M Strength** - 1000me of 0.01M EDTA = 1mg of CaCO₃ - 1000mg of Caloz - Lg of cacoz. - •x me of 0.01 (M) EDTA = 2x1 g of cucoz. - EDTA(GIM) - xme = 1000 - loome of hard water contains 20x1 g of calog - 10⁶me of hard coater contain 1000g of calog - loome 1000x1000 - = 10x ppm - **Total hardness = 1000XV2 - **V2 - **Permanent hardness = 1000XV3 - **V - **Temp, hardnes = 1000 (√2-√3) - **V1** ## Characteristics of Drinking water- - Is hovederm free clean - Should Not contain nitrates and ammonia - Shovedent contain suspended Impartical - Poisnous salts it like cuorpb should not there - PHaf water b/w 6.5 to 7.5 - It Should contains salts of caing, K, Na and dissolved O2, Co2.pore at adeqquet unt. to enhan taste and the health ## ⇒ Water Treatment Process - (Lake/River (Cogulation, fuos, sedimentation - wel/ground - Peaccuration - Chloraming - Chearine - tve charge → - chemical - (+), (-)→ neutris - Filter - Fresh - ado - distillation - Fresh wata get ## Adv. of EDTA - is greater accuracy - (iil Convenienie - More rapid procedure ## Determining: ## Solids ## ⇒ Water hardness and Total dissolved Soft (TDS) - To determine, residue on evaporation /TDS, - measure vor. of filter sample required for main analysis and po evaporate to dryness in porcelain dish, Dry dish contents one the cand 30 min at 180°C and weigh. The weight obtained is of TDS. ## Alkanity - It defined as measure of acid attheutralising capacity of water. - It is due to pressence of :- (In water) - Caustic alkanity (due to off and cog² ions) - Temp. hardness (ave to ticagions) - These can be estimate separatery by titration against H2504, Using Phenolphthalein and methyl orange Indicators, ## →Water Treatment (Process) - **1 Screening** Removes floating material. Sceclay - **2. Sedimentation** - Suspended impurities Standard - **3 Coagulation** - Removes finely divided partideg - **y Filteration: ** Removes collodial impurities and large organisms - **s Disinfection**-Kills bacteria (combeste destruction of all living moorganisms using Chemical called Stereisers or disinfectants. - **1- Screening =** waty passes through appropriate Size Screen - **BOD - Biological demand Biochemical oxygen demand, represents amound of dissolved Oxygen consumued by Organisms.** - **COD -** chemical oxygen demands umount of oxygen consumed when water Sample is chemically oxidised. ## Unit-3 (Engineering unaterials) ## Metallurgy - **Mineral** - The compound of metal found in natore - **Ore** - The mineral from which metal can be extrater 'economically' and 'conveniently? - **All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores,** #### Native ores - Metal in free State - Orides zno - Ag/Aulpt - Oxysalts Recoz #### Oxidised ones - Orides - ZnO #### sedones - Surphide ones - Sulphide of metals. ## Halide ones - Halides of metals - Na/mg - Fe/Po/Zn/Hg ## Some important ones of Metals - Aluminium Iron - Alum Alumin - Haematite - Faal's yold - Copper, - Zine - (25) - copper glance, zine blende ## Diaspore - (Al2O3.XH2O) ## Haematite - (Fe2O3) ## Copper glance - ((025) - Alumite (504 ## Bauxite - (Al2O3) ## Cryolite - Na3AlFo) ## Manetite - (Rez con) ## Copper Pyrite - (CuFeS2) ## Siderite - (Feco₃) ## Cuprite - (CU2Q). ## Rubby copper - ## Alumina - corrundum ## Inon pyrite - (FeS2) ## Malachitegreen - (COCO3, Cu(OH)₂)) - (Henaly-bite) ## Aluminium - Alumite - (Al2O3.SO3.4H2O) /Al2O3.3H2O) ## LIron - Leominte - (Fe2O3.3H2O) ## Copper - Dolomite - CaCO3.MgCO3 ## Metallurgy - Branch of science that deals with extraction metals from ores - economically concentration Isolation - Purificar ## Ganque/Matrix - Earthly and rock impurities that are associated with mineral ## Flux - combines chemically with gangue to forman easily fusibile material seag - The metal ores Sometimes contains non-fussible impurities. They are fused easily with suitable Substance called flux, ## Slag - The impurities meact with flux forming a fusibill broduct called slag which can be removed, ## Types of flox i) Acidic flux - contain Acidic oxides - ex SiO2, P2O5. ## ii) Basic flux - Cao, mgo (contain Basic oxidey ## +1,+2,+3→ mostly basic oxides - remove Amphoterfe ## Cao + SiO₂→ CaSiO₂ + Purе оnе - (Impurity) (Flux) - Fe O + SiO2 → - (Impurity) - Flux - (slag - Fe SiO3 - (slag - Cao + SiO2 → Casios - (Imp.) - (slag) ## Slage - Fusible mass - Low melting point - Less density than molten metal - Immiscibel with molten metal/pure ou - It floats on surface of moeten metal,' - protecting it from oxidation by atmosphere and keeping it clean, ## Extraction of ones ## Extraction of ones Principle of metallurgy - **1 Crushing and grinding of ore** - Creshing hammer - Joque - mill - Impact force - ↓crushes - one - smateer pieces - grinding of ore - grinder - < - ول - Attrition force. / Sheer fore - crügned core - Powdered one - [ Pueverised ore) ## 2 Concentration ## (Principle of metallung ## i) Hydraulic coashing / gravity Separation - density difference - (Sn, Pb, fe) - Basic principle of heavy metals - ore - heavy metal settle down at bottom & impur/y will flow with water ## → Jet of water is passed from one side - ←← - Crushed one is poured from hydraulic Classifie - Heavy ore particles gets settled down ## (ⅱ) Electromagnetic / Magnetic Separatiom - Basic Principle - One timpurify Diff. magnetic properties - ex - Sno₂→ Non magnetic - (Tin Stone) - Impunity + core chromite (fecoz ore (FeO. Cr₂O₃) + Sillica Noromagnetic - ↳ non mag. - Magnetite. (Rezo4) - Pyrolusite (MD02) - Finely groundone - <-Magnetic - magnetic roller - particle ## #il forth Floatation process ## Basic principle, Difference in wettability - Sulphide one is werted by vil and moves upward in the formig forth. - AIM - mineral - froth - wetted by water and gangue particles are settles down at bottom - Paddle- Pulpg - ore - + - draus in air - oil - and stirs the pulp - Cu₂S Zásfesz - Frothers Pine oil - xanthate - A - collectoMS Potassium ethyl sex athate interactaly in bubble - D - To enhance non, wettability of are in water - Froth stabilizers - Aniline, cresol - Depressantー when a mixture of surphide ores is present Pbs + NaCN X Nach, Nazcoz eing prost Zns) - Zns + NaCN →(2n (CN)4)²- 2 Nat - This complex is wetted with water and brevened coming into froth: - whitepbs Comes into forth because it cannot react with NaCN. ## iv) Leaching (Al, Ag, Au). - Basic principle- difference in Solubilitu - When metal is more Soluble than impur present in it's ore. - → **MAP Cyanide process:** Leaching Solvent of the impunity NaCN) → Nat [Ag(CN)₂]→ - Ag - Au - Nach No - **O2** - Agv tena - Impunity - Nach Nat Ag₂S → Nat [Ag(CN)]. - Ag + 2Ni - **Hydro metallurgy of Ag₂S** - **Extraction of me tal** - reduch - Concentrated ore calcinations metal oride. ## Calcination - Used for Carbonate ores - Roasting - used for sulphide ones - melting point of metal - Metal Sulphide + oxygen. - M ## (ii) Carbonate ore - is strongly Suephide ore is Strongly head Theated in absence of air below in excess of air below melting point of metal - A ## iii) metal carbonate - meraloxide + Coz gas - Metal oxide + SO2 ga - **is evolved** ## in) Sue carbon dioxide gas - Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved primeas - Impurity - organic matter ## some times roasting - May hot bring about comp Oxidation. - CuFeS2+O2 → CU₂S + FeO + SO2↑ ## CaCO₃ - →cao+co2↑ ## Fe2O3, 3 H2O - 3H2O↑ + Fe2O3 ## I - Ca coz.ngcoz → cao+mgo roz↑ ## Dolomite - Impurity→ - AS AS2O3↑ - Sb35b203 - O2 - S 502 - ↑ - 个 - Py P4010↑ ## Roasting oz - # Both process done in Reverberatory furnaces and in both Removal of volatale. impurities - #ore becomes porous ## #self Reduction in Roasting (Pb, Cu, Hg) - The reduction in cunich species reacts with itself to form new species. - CU₂S+O2→SO2↑ + CU₂O - CO2 SO2↑ + Cu - Copper having blisters of 502 gas on its surface is called as blister Copper - HgS SO2↑ + Hg - Hgs + O₂ = SO21 + Hg - PBS+O2 So₂↑ + PbO PbsPb + 502↑ - Large volume of soz is obtained is used to Prepare H₂Soy in it Industry - [S02+[0]} - S03+H2O→ H₂SO4 ## # Smelting ## Thre process of Converting metal oxide in to medal using a suitable reducing Agent - Reducing agents', C, Co, Al - Carbon Fan be used to creduch a hei af Oxides and because of low cost and availak of coke this method is widely used. ## Reduction with Carbon: - Pbo +C → CO↑+Ph - Fe2O3 + C → cog↑ + Fe - Zno + C cot +24 - SnO2 + C → co↑+Sn ## Reduction with Co! - Fe2O3 + Co → Fe3O4 + CO2↑ - Fe2Oy + Co Feo+CO2↑ - PbO + CO → Pb + CO2↑ - CuO + CO CutCOLT ## # Blast Furnance (Fe2O3 + (aco3 +C) - ore, limes tone and coke - Fe2O3 - (impuri-SiO2) - La Rezoy - C - COS Fed - Fe2O3 +co - Fe3O4 + CO2↑ - Fezay + co - FeO + CO2↑ - Са соз - CaO + CO2↑ - (flux) CaO + SiO2 → Casioz (slag) - (Impurity) - Feot co→ CO2 + fe - C + CO2 → 2coآ - C + O2 → CO2 - Feo + C → Coffe - →The iron obtained from blast furnace contains about 4%. Carbon known as Pig Iron and cast into variety of shapes - → Cast iron is different from Pig iron and is made by melting pig iron with Scrapiron and soke us using hot air blast, It has slightly lower carbon content (about 3%) and is extremely hard and brittle. - wought iron or malleable iron is purest form of Commercial iron and is prepared from cast von by oxidising impurities in a reverberatory furnace lined with haematite, This haematite oxidises Carbon to Carbon monoxide. - Fe2O3 + 3C2Fe + 300 ## Aluminothermic Process - Gold schmidt Process - Thermite mixture- Oxide + Al-powder - Thermite rxh - (1203 Al Cr - Al Mn - Mng 04 Al fe - Fe203 Al B - B203 - Nalmg Reduction - * Ticly + mg Kroll process 2mg cl₂ + Ti - * - Ticly - 2+ - Na - IMI process - t Ti - 4 Nach ## for 1st group - Nós and my has high reducing bower and high solubility of their halides in waters the redved metals be washed free from impor ## Extraction Al - Red Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) - Impurity! Fe 203 5 Sillicates - 7) Bayer's Process - ii) Hall's Process ## 1) Bayer's Process - (Powdered form - Leaching agent: NaOH (aq) - Impunity? Perricoride + Sillicates