Climate Change Presentation PDF

What is Climate Change? Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fue...

What is Climate Change? Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 20  Europe today Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Pixabay.com CC0  Let's start with a journey back in time Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Pixabay.com CC0  Europe 20.000 BC Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Oslo Bremen Berlin London Munich Zurich Klagenfurt -4°C Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin 6 5 Temperature change in °C 4 3 2 2021 1 Warm Period 0 -1 1900 +1°C -2 Ice Age -3 -4°C -4 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 2000 Source: NASA, Marcott et al., Shakun et al. – 1951-1980 = 0 Year  The Climate Before the Collapse Sunday, February 26, 2023 School of Technology 26  Local surface temperatures since 1880 compared to 1951-1980, moving averaged over five years and with a spatial resolution of about 1200 km Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 27 Source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio; http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov.  Temperature change between 2012 and 2016 compared to the long-standing average between 1951 and 1980 +1°C Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 28 Source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio; http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov.  Weekly Arctic sea ice age between 1984 and 2016 Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 29 Source: NASA, http://svs.;gsfc.nasa.gov.  Arctic summer ice coverage in 1979 and 2012 +1°C Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 30 Source: NASA, http://svs.;gsfc.nasa.gov.  Why do we need the ice? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 31 Source: NASA, http://svs.;gsfc.nasa.gov. Why do we need the ice? 3 Types of Ice: SEA ICE LAND ICE PERMAFROST +1°C Polar Regions reflecting sunlight back to space Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 32 Oceans and Sea Level Oceans are “Carbon Sinks” Now: warming of 1°C Coral Reefs: +1°C decline by 70-90% at 1.5°C 100 % lost at 2°C Changes in temperature and sea level between 20 000 BCE and 2016 CE. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 33  The climate crisis has arrived in Europe Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin +1°C Pixabay.com CC0  The climate crisis has arrived in Europe Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin +1°C Grafik: Christophe Licoppe, European Commission - https://audiovisual.ec.europa.eu/en/reportage/P-051584, Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107640698  Number of people displaced worldwide by climate- and weather- related natural disasters such as storms and floods. +1°C Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 36 Data: iDMC  Extreme temperature rise with uncontrolled global warming 6 5 Temperature change in °C 4 2100 3 2 1 2021 0 -1 1900 +4°C -2 -3 -4 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 2000 Year Source: NASA, Marcott et al., Shakun et al. – 1951-1980 = 0  The climate crisis threatens human civilisation Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin +4°C Pixabay.com CC0  Collapse of the food supply Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin +4°C Pixabay.com CC0  Extreme increase in deadly heat days Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin +4°C Tage 365 0 CC BY‐NC‐ND 4.0 carbonbrief.org – Robert McSweeney basierend auf Mora, C. et al. (2017) Global risk of deadly heat, Nature Climate Change – IPCC Szenario RCP 8.5 Long-Term Sea Level Outcomes Tool for the Visualization of sea level rise: https://coastal.climatecentral.org/ Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 41  Principle of the Gulf Stream Western Europe is about 5°C warmer than it should be, considering its latitude In Central America the sun heats the water masses In the North Sea the warm saltwater merges with colder, less salty water, and cools down quickly It becomes heavier and sinks to the bottom quickly Fresh water dilutes the warm saltwater Density of salt- and freshwater is different Sunday, February 26, 2023 School of Technology 42 This is what threatens us in the worst-case scenario All fossil energy sources are almost used up and worldwide greenhouse gas emissions show a definite further increase. The average global temperature increases by more than +8 °C. Sea levels rise by 1–2m by 2100. The entire Greenland ice sheet melts away. In the long term, this alone will raise sea levels by 7m. The Antarctic ice sheet also melts completely. In the long term the sea level rises by more than 60 m. Entire coastal regions and cities such as Hamburg, Rotterdam, and Miami sink into the sea. Even cities on higher ground could be threatened in centuries to come. Heatwaves, periods of drought and extreme precipitation increase dramatically and in some regions of the world threaten the foundations of life. The consequences of climate change trigger a major migration of people who flee their homes due to climatic conditions. Global tension rises dramatically as a result. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 43 This is how the climate could develop if it were protected worldwide Global greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to zero by 2040. The average global temperature increases by more than 1.5 °C. Sea levels rise significantly less than 1m by 2100. The Greenland ice sheet remains largely intact. Even in the long term, sea-level rise remains in the range of a few metres. Coastal regions and cities are saved through improvements in coastal protection measures. The Gulf Stream weakens only slightly. Heatwaves, periods of drought and extreme precipitation increase. Population migration due to climate change remains localized. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 44  Why the Temperatur is rising? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 45 Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 46  Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 47 Source: https://royalsociety.org  Time series of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over the last 400 000 years and in the recent past. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 48 Data: CDIAC, http://cdiac.ornl.gov. CO₂ - Emissions Only 10 countries are responsible for about two thirds of the global carbon dioxide emissions The 10 countries on Earth with the highest energy-related carbon dioxide emissions (2015): https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by- region?time=1847..latest Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 49  Progression of energy-related CO2 emissions and global changes in temperatures since 1860 compared to the average between 1951 and 1980. Data: NASA, IEA Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 50 Causes of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect caused by humans. Fossil energy use is the main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide Currently over 30 billion tons every year The average human produces about 4500 kg CO2/ yr 2017: 407 ppm An area of woodland the size of the United Kingdom is disappearing every two years. Sunday, February 26, 2023 School of Technology 51 Characteristics of the most important greenhouse gases Sunday, February 26, 2023 School of Technology 52  Causes of global warming. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 53 Data: IPCC [IPC07], www.ipcc.ch. Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin We must limit the temperature rise to 1.5 °C 6 5 Temperature change in °C 4 3 2 1 0 -1 1,5°C -2 -3 -4 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 2000 Year Daten: CDIAC, Marcott et al., Shakun et al., Fleming et al. 01951-1980 – =0  Decisions of the Paris Climate Summit of 2015 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin ❑ Limit global warming to below 2°C. ❑ Limitation to 1.5°C if possible. ❑ All states undertake their own measures and report regularly on progress Foto: Presidencia de la República Mexicana | Flickr CC BY 2.0 Discussion Are these measures sufficient or should we make them more restrictive? What do you think we should focus on first? What would CO2 reduction measures look like in concrete terms? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 56  Now it's your turn. How would you stop climate change? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 57 EN-ROADS What is EN-ROADS? En-ROADS is a freely-available online simulator that provides policymakers, educators, businesses, the media, and the public with the ability to test and explore cross-sector climate solutions. https://en-roads.climateinteractive.org Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 58 Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 59 Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 60 EN-ROADS 20 Minutes Teamwork in Brakeout Sessions: Each Group with 6-8 Students discuss on the biggest impact by moving just one switch. Each group present their result to the class with a reason why this switch was chosen. Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 61 IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Organization for Meteorology (WMO) initiated the IPCC in 1988. The most competent climate researchers in the world are involved in the preparation of the IPCC reports and, as a result, this group has a good reputation internationally. https://www.ipcc.ch/ https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2021/07/AR6_FS_timeline.pdf Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 62 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 17 Goals were adopted by all 193 UN Member States in 2015 169 targets Agenda 2030 Implementation and success will rely on countries’ own sustainable development policies, plans and programmes, and will be led by countries. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be a compass for aligning countries’ plans with their global commitments. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 63  Going through all SDGs try to identify yourself. Are you affected by it personally or in your surroundings? How is chemistry playing a role in it? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 64 SDG 1 - Sunday, 26 February 2023 65  SDG 1 - Targets 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters 1.A Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.B Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 67 Sunday, 26 February 2023 68 Targets 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment. 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed. 2.A Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. 2.B Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round. 2.C Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility. Sunday, 26 February 2023 70 71 Targets 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents. 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination. 3.A Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate. 3.B Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all. 3.C Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. 3.D Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks. Sunday, 26 February 2023 73 Sunday, 26 February 2023 74 Targets 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development 4.A Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 4.B By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.C By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states 76 77 Targets 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decisionmaking in political, economic and public life 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels 79 Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 80 Targets 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.B Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 82 Sunday, 26 February 2023 83 Targets 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.A By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.B By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support Sunday, 26 February 2023 85 Sunday, 26 February 2023 86 Targets 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high- value added and labour-intensive sectors 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all 8.A Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries 8.B By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization 88 89 Targets 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending 9.A Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 18 9.B Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.C Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020 91 Sunday, 26 February 2023 92 Targets 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies 10.A Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 10.B Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes 10.C By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent 94 Sunday, 26 February 2023 95 Targets 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities 11.A Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning 11.B By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.C Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials 97 98 Targets 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post- harvest losses 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.A Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.B Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.C Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and 100 the affected communities 101 Targets 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning 13.A Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.B Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities *Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 104 Targets 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism 14.A Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.B Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets 14.C Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the 106 legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want 107 Targets 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts 15.A Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.B Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 109 15.C Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue 110 Targets 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements 16.A Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime 16.B Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development in the last month, and at least 1 in 10 children have experienced cyberbullying. 112 113  17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries Technology 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity building 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North- South, South-South and triangular cooperation Trade 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues Policy and institutional coherence 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development Multi-stakeholder partnerships 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring and accountability 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts 115 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries Discussion - Answers Going through all SDGs try to identify yourself. Are you affected by it personally or in your surroundings? How is chemistry playing a role in it? Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 116 What can we do? Avoid buying products made of tropical woods that do not come from sustainable sources. Avoid equipment and appliances (refrigerators, air conditioning units, heat pumps) containing coolants with HFCs because they contribute to the greenhouse effect. If such equipment is not available without HFCs (e.g. car air-conditioning systems or heat pumps), the buyer should put pressure on the manufacturer. Be consistent in recycling, reduce meat consumption, and increase the use of organic and local products. Avoid unnecessary consumption and buy durable equipment and products. Use public transport, bicycles, long-distance coaches, or trains, buy electric cars and avoid air travel. Be consistent in saving energy in all areas Switch to an independent green energy supplier. Build and finance new renewable energy systems and installations Sunday, 26 February 2023 School of Technology 117 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin We must take off on climate protection Pixabay.com CC0  SURVEY:: Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Which personal action has the greatest impact on reducing the carbon footprint? A.T. Kearney 2019 Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Do not use a plastic bag any more. Savings : 3 kg CO2/a Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Two beef steaks per week cause 300 kg CO2/a. 7 times as much as an inhabitant of the Democratic Republic of Congo causes per year. Pixabay.com CC0  A flight from Germany to Florida Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin causes 4 tonnes of CO2. 13 times as much as a Kenyan causes per year. Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin 10,000 km of driving causes 1.5 tonnes of CO2. 3 times as much as a Bangladeshi resident causes per year. Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Heating an unrenovated single-family house causes 7 tonnes of CO2. 4 times as much as an Indian causes per year. Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin An electric car saves up to 1 tonne of CO2/a. Pixabay.com CC0 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin A 10 kW photovoltaic system saves over 6 tonnes of CO2/a in Germany. Assumptions: 1000 kWh/kWp Electricity mix Germany 2018  Let's fill up the rooftops Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin