Chem 4 Laboratory Definitions PDF

Enzyme combines with all substrates containing a CHEM 4 LABORATORY REVIEWER particular chemical group. Oxidoreductase Linkage Specificity Catalyzes REDOX reactions...

Enzyme combines with all substrates containing a CHEM 4 LABORATORY REVIEWER particular chemical group. Oxidoreductase Linkage Specificity Catalyzes REDOX reactions Enzymes are specific to chemical bonds. Also known as the Also called as dehydrogenases or reductases bond specificity. Transferases Stereoisomeric Specificity Catalyzes reactions involving the transfer of different Refers to enzymes that predominantly combine with only one optical isomer of a certain compound. groups from the substrate to another Point mutations Amino Transferases, Methyl transferases A base in the DNA is replaced by another which alters the Module 2 – Biochemistry Page 3 of 19 RJAV 2022 codon in the MRNA Hydrolases a. Silent Catalyzes the substrate bond cleavage by adding water Amylase, Saccharase The codon containing the changed base codes for Lyases the same amino acid Catalyze bond – cleaving reactions without oxidation or b. Missense addition of water The codon containing the changed base codes for a Pyruvate decarboxylase different amino acid Isomerases c. Nonsense Catalyzes structural rearrangements The codon containing the changed base codes for a Triose isomerase stop codon Ligases Insertions Occur when a base or a number of bases are added to the Also called as synthetases DNA Catalyzes the addition of 2 molecules using ATP as energy Deletions source Occur when a base or a number of bases are deleted to the DNA – Ligase DNA Protease Frameshift an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring Occurs when the number of bases added or deleted is not a the formation of new protein products. multiple of 3 which shifts the reading frame to a completely Esterase different set of codons an enzyme that breaks down the ester-containing compounds into alcohol and acid during a chemical reaction along with the production of water. Coenzyme A is an ubiquitous cofactor involved in cellular oxidative pathways including fatty acid β-oxidation, carbohydrate and amino acid oxidations Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) also known as ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like molecule naturally present in every cellular membrane within our bodies. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant that your body produces naturally. Your cells use CoQ10 for growth and maintenance. Apoenzymes inactive form of enzymes, are still able to bind substrate with an affinity comparable to holoenzyme, but they are not able to transform substrate into product. The binding of substrate to apoenzyme may result in a conformational change that can be easily detected by fluorescence measurements. Coenzyme is defined as an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction. More specifically, coenzymes can function as intermediate carriers of electrons during these reactions or be transferred between enzymes as functional groups. Optimum pH is the pH value at which an enzyme can work best. Most enzymes in living things work best at a neutral pH of 7 Optimum temperature is the temperature at which the activity of any process is highly effective. The optimum temperature for most enzymes is about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). Absolute Specificity Enzyme combines with only one substrate and catalyzes only the one corresponding reaction. Group Specificity