ChE 172 Introduction to Biochemical Engineering Lectures PDF

ChE 172 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Lecture B...

ChE 172 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Lecture B Prepared By: Catalino G. Alfafara Prepared by CG Alfafara  This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”. The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The Material may contain works that are subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement. Do not remove this notice. Prepared by CG Alfafara © 2020 Catalino Alfafara This course pack is limited for your personal use. Do not reproduce, distribute, or share any part of this course pack in any website or any medium CHE 172 Lecture B: CELLS Review of Concepts in Microbiology Relevant to Bioprocessing 3  Process from a chemical engineering point of view: an operation (or series of operations) involving the physical, chemical or biological transformation of an input material into a product of value INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS UNT 9/10/2020 Medium STERILIZAT INPUT OUTPUT ION PROCESS Broth UNT Microor ganism DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING Product BIOPROCESS 9/10/2020  Schematic overview of a biotechnological process RAW MATERIALS ORGANISM (medium, nutrients) - medium optimization -screening/isolation - medium preparation - strain improvement and processing STERILIZATION FERMENTATION IN A BIOREACTOR - sterilizer design/operation -Bioreactor design/operation - monitoring/control DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING - equipment selection - selection of separation steps Lecture topics in ChE 172 will revolve around this process block flow diagram PRODUCT 6 Concepts in Microbiology Relevant to Industrial Bioprocessing Microorganisms are generally classified into 2 main categories. What are these categories? 8  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓procaryotes ✓ eucaryotes defined boundary at the nucleus Size Internal cell structures 9  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓procaryotes ✓ eucaryotes defined None Yes boundary at No nuclear Has nuclear the nucleus membrane membrane Size Internal cell structures 10  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓procaryotes ✓ eucaryotes defined None Yes boundary at No nuclear Has nuclear the nucleus membrane membrane Size Smaller Larger Internal cell structures 11  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓procaryotes ✓ eucaryotes defined None Yes boundary at No nuclear Has nuclear the nucleus membrane membrane Size Smaller Larger Internal cell Simpler More complex structures 12 CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓procaryotes rigid structural component which protects the integrity of the cell from its external surroundings membrane surrounding the cytoplasm which acts as a selective barrier between the cell interior and external environment grainy spots in the cytoplasm containing RNA molecules and serve as sites of important biochemical reactions for protein synthesis region containing a single molecule of (chromosomal) DNA which contains genetic information of the cell, and which is not complexed with proteins to form a chromosome. ** the nuclear region has NO membrane enclosure** clear semi-fluid material containing other cell components and an aqueous suspension of call molecules synthesized by the cell: soluble enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, small carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, coenzymes, metabolic products and intermediates Lee, J. 1992. Biochemical Engineering. Prentice Hall, USA 13  Lee, J. 1992. Biochemical Engineering. Prentice Hall, USA Essential Components of a Procaryotic Cell cell wall rigid structural component which protects the integrity of the cell from its ex ternal surroundings cell membrane membrane surrounding the cytoplasm which acts as a selective (plasma membrane) barrier betw een the cell interior and ex ternal environm ent cytoplasm clear sem i-fluid m aterial containing other cell com ponents and an aqueous suspension of call molecules synthesized by the cell: soluble enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, small carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, coenzymes, metabolic products and intermediates ribosomes grainy spots in the cytoplasm containing R NA m olecules and serve as sites of important biochemical reactions for protein synthesis nuclear region region containing a single m olecule of (chrom osom al) DNA (nuclear zone) which contains genetic information of the cell, and which is not complexed with proteins to form a chromosome. 14 ** the nuclear region has NO membrane enclosure** CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells ✓eucaryotes Lee, J. 1992. Biochemical Engineering. Prentice Hall, USA 15 Components of a Eucaryotic Cell cell wall similar to procaryotes cell membrane (plasma similar to procaryotes membrane) cytoplasm similar to procaryotes nucleus Contains chromosomes (DNA molecules) enclosed Lee, J. 1992. Biochemical in a membrane, and is Engineering. Prentice Hall, USA complexed by proteins to form the chromosomes nucleolus Structure inside the vacuole membrane bound nucleus which stains organelles that are differently and is the site for responsible for osmotic ribosome synthesis regulation and waste- product storage ribosomes embedded in the rough may occupy a large fraction endoplasic reticulum, site of of cell volume protein synthesis and modification lysozome membrane bound particles that contain and release mitochondria power house of eucaryotic digestive enzymes cells which utilize oxygen during metabolism (site of (golgi bodies) Responsible for secretion respiration) of certain proteins, and endoplastic reticulum complex convoluted sites for glycosilation membrane system leading (sugar addition) in some from the cell membrane into biomolecules the cell has a role in protein and lipid synthesis 16  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells Microbial Nomenclature: Genus species (binomial, italics, Latin-based) Examples of genus names and meanings Bacillus Lactobacillus Micrococcus Clostridium Pasteurella Salmonella Saccharomyces B17 Prepared by CG Alfafara  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells Microbial Nomenclature: Genus species (binomial, italics, Latin-based) Examples of genus names and meanings Bacillus small rod Lactobacillus small milk rod Micrococcus small grain Clostridium small spindle Pasteurella after Louis Pasteur, Latinized Salmonella after Daniel Salmon, Latinized Saccharomyces sugar fungus B18 Prepared by CG Alfafara  CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells MICROBIAL CELLS Procaryotes Eucaryotes molds   bacteria fungi yeasts  blue-green algae algae protozoa Historically, and even at present, bacteria, molds and yeasts are the important organisms in industrial microbial cultivations B19 Prepared by CG Alfafara BACTERIA CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells Bacteria unicellularly shaped microscopic organisms with a typical diameter of 0.5 μm to 3 μm Growth pattern: binary fission Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis B21 Prepared by CG Alfafara BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION BY BINARY FISSION B22 Source: Scientific American, Microbiology for Prepared by CG Alfafara Environmental Scientists and Engineers Video: Bacterial Growth by Binary Fission https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FBBnNhN_NM https://youtu.be/KIpcCyuypzg B23 Prepared by CG Alfafara CONCEPTS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Cells BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY Shapes cocci: spherical or ovoid bacilli: cylindrical or rod shaped spirilla: helically coiled Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis B24 Prepared by CG Alfafara Video: Bacterial Morphology https://youtu.be/OEiIzlqQLl4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqUg-IGpMoY B25 Prepared by CG Alfafara  BACTERIAL MOTILITY Although many procaryotic species are permanently immotile, some are motile by means of Flagella Long, thin, “wavy” tubular structures that arise within the membrane and pass through the cell wall Flagella may be polar (located at the ends of a rod-shaped cell as single strands or tufts) or peritrichous (located anywhere in the cell) Not visible except by electron microscopy or special staining Pili or  Somewhat similar to flagella except they are shorter and generally appear fimbrae straight Not visible except by electron microscopy or special staining https://www.google.com.ph/url Photomicrograph ?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F Microscopic showing polar www.sciencephoto.com%2Fm image showing flagellum edia%2F799330%2Fview&psi pilli or fimbrae g=AOvVaw2zyxtNbzDmJ5EM https://elifescienc Net5LGci&ust=159851348448 es.org/articles/22 0000&source=images&cd=vfe 140 &ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNDi4 _asuOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAAB B26 AT Prepared by CG Alfafara MICROBIAL CELLS Spore Formation Spores: dormant forms of the cell, capable of resisting heat, radiation, and poisonous chemicals. A survival mechanism of some bacteria when conditions are not conducive to growth *** Spores can remain alive for many years and can germinate back into normal cells when conditions are growth favorable*** Some bacteria of Bacillus sp and Clostridum sp. are known spore formers Clostridium botulinum spores stained with malachite green stain. https://www.alamy.com/clostridium- botulinum-spores-stained-with-malachite- green-stain-the-image155840126.html B27 Prepared by CG Alfafara  MICROBIAL CELLS Some industrially important bacteria Generic Bacteria Name Specific Product Product Enzymes Bacillus subtilis proteases Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Antibiotics Bacillus brevis gramicidin Exopolysacchar Xanthomonas campestris xanthan gum ides Industrial Clostridium acetobutylicum acetone-butanol chemicals Vinegar Acetobacter sp. Food/ Lactobacillus sp lactic acid Beverage/Suppl Corynebacterium glutamicum. L-glutamic acid ements Brevibacterium flavum L-lysine Microbial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides B28 Prepared by CG Alfafara YEAST  MICROBIAL CELLS Yeasts (1) One of the important groups of fungi (2) Free living, and have simpler morphology than molds (3) Exist as single cells with 5 to 30 μm length and from 1 to 5 μm width (4) Reproduce by budding or fission (5) Industrially important microorganism used for the production of alcoholic beverages and single cell protein Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis B30 Prepared by CG Alfafara MICROBIAL CELLS Yeasts Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis Some industrially important yeasts Generic Yeast Name Specific Product Product Industrial Saccharoymyces cerevisiae ethanol chemicals Biomass Candida utilis. Single Cell Protein (SCP) B31 Prepared by CG Alfafara  MICROBIAL CELLS Yeasts http://85.238.144.18/analytics/Micro_Ma nual/TEDISdata/prods/1_05397_0500.ht ml Yeast Fermentation in a Petri Plate and a Stirred-Tank Bioreactor B32 Prepared by CG Alfafara  MICROBIAL CELLS Molds (1) Filamentous fungi. Long thin filaments are called hyphae and the highly branched strucuture is called the mycelium (2) In industrial fermentations, the mycelial structure often cause complexities in the cultivation (mixing and aeration) (3) Reproduce sexually or asexually (spores) (4) Industrially important micoorganisms for the production of antibiotics, organic acids and enzymes. (Aspergillus sp and Penicillium sp ) hyphae Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis mycelium B33 Prepared by CG Alfafara MICROBIAL CELLS Molds Some industrially important fungi Generic Fungi Name Specific Product Product Enzymes Aspergillus niger glucoamylase Trichoderma reesei Cellulase Antibiotics Pencillium chrysogenum penicillin Cephalosporium acremonium cephalosporin B34 Prepared by CG Alfafara MICROBIAL CELLS Molds http://www.g http://www.microbeorganics.com/ oogle.com/i mages?hl=e n&rls=com. microsoft%3 Aen- us&biw=125 9&bih=604&t bs=isch%3A 1&sa=1&q= http://www.unc.edu/depts/tcf/fungus.jpeg mycelium+gr owth+ferme ntation&btn G=Search&a q=f&aqi=&aq l=&oq=&gs_ rfai= http://fungus.org.uk/images/ete.jpg OVERVIEW OF CELL CULTIVATION 36  CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS CULTURE COMPOSITION pure culture: contains only one kind of microorganism example: production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum mixed culture:  CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS CULTURE COMPOSITION pure culture: contains only one kind of microorganism example: production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum mixed culture: contains more than one kind of microorganism example: aerobic biological wastewater treatment by activated sludge or anaerobic digestion of piggery wastes  CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS CULTURE COMPOSITION pure culture: contains only one kind of microorganism example: production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum mixed culture: contains more than one kind of microorganism example: aerobic biological wastewater treatment by activated sludge or anaerobic digestion of piggery wastes ** industrial fermentations are generally made pure cultures, while Biological Treatment Processes are mixed cultures CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS Basic steps in cultivating microorganisms (a) Preparation of culture medium (b) Sterilization (c) Inoculation (d) Fermentation in reaction vessel (e) Downstream Processing (product separation and purification) Cell Cultivation: (a) Medium Preparation Medium is prepared in the bioreactor Natural media: undefined chemical composition, usually containing peptone, beef extract, yeast extract Synthetic media: chemically defined composition, consisting of chemically pure and known organic or inorganic components 41 PHOTO: Scientific American (Industrial Microbiology Edition). September 1981, p. 67 Cell Cultivation: (b) Sterilization Objective: to destroy contaminant microorganisms Lab scale: autoclave, “rule of thumb” 121oC (15 psi), 15 min Large Scale: steam injection through a jacketed bioreactor During sterilization, steam is injected into the jacket 42 PHOTO: Scientific American (Industrial Microbiology Edition). September 1981, p. 67  Cell Cultivation: (c) Inoculation Seeding the culture vessel with microbial material Must be done aseptically in pure culture Large Scale: Progressive inoculation with seed fermentors Inoculation “rule of thumb”: 5% to 10% of fermentation working volume slant Seed Fermentors flask http://www.visitmonmouth.com/health/labpages/ImagesLab/entero3.png Main 43 http://www.niroinc.com/html/gea_liquid_processing/Microorganism_cell_fermentation_systems.htm Fermentor Cell Cultivation: (d) Fermentation Fermentation in a bioreactor Bioreactor is monitored to ensure the fermentation proceeds efficiently 44 PHOTO: Scientific American (Industrial Microbiology Edition). September 1981, p. 67 Cell Cultivation: (e) Downstream Processing Cell Separation: centrifuge http://www.marstechusa.com/discbowl.html Product separation/purification equipment – Chromatography columns – Filters, etc http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/contractor_images/polypeptide/hplc.jpg 45 REVIEW OF Nuclear membrane Cell wall IMPT TERMS Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Procaryotes Eucaryotes Nucleus Endoplastic reticulum Mitochondria Vacuole Lysozome Golgi apparatus 46  Procaryotes Bacteria cocci autotroph aerobic bacilli heterotroph anaerobic spirilla facultative phototroph microaerophilic chemotroph flagella pilli psychrophile spores mesophile binary fission thermophile 47  CHE 172 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING LECTURES BIOMOLECULES BIOMOLECULES Proteins CELL CONSTRUCTION Carbohydrates -Cells are largely organic and polymeric Lipids Nucleic Acids Building Block Function Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids 49 BIOMOLECULES Proteins CELL CONSTRUCTION Carbohydrates -Cells are largely organic and polymeric Lipids Nucleic Acids Building Block Function Proteins Amino acids component of cellular matter, metabolic biochemicals (enzymes), structural and storage compounds in cells Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids 50 BIOMOLECULES Proteins CELL CONSTRUCTION Carbohydrates -Cells are largely organic and polymeric Lipids Nucleic Acids Building Block Function Proteins Amino acids component of cellular matter, metabolic biochemicals (enzymes), structural and storage compounds in cells Carbohydrates Sugars carbon/energy source of microorganisms Lipids (3) Fatty Acids on biological fuel storage a glycerol material, component of cell backbone membranes, and other biochemicals Nucleic Acids Nucleotides biological information storage (genetic characteristics) 51 BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES -Compounds with the general formula, (CH2O)n -Structural and storage compounds in cells -Major class of naturally occuring organic compounds: sugars, starches, cellulose classified as Monosaccharides (simplest carbohydrate unit) Oligosaccharides (2 or more monosaccharide units) Polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units) Synthesized by photosynthesis, Common carbon sources in industrial bioprocessing Light Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 Respiration  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides Disaccharides Starch Cellulose 53  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides simple sugars: polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, or derivatives general classes: aldoses, contain CHO group ketoses, contain CO group can be further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses Usually have assymetric carbons and have a number of possible isomers Disaccharides Starch Cellulose 54  Monosaccharides A carbohydrate that cannot be split into smaller units by the action of dilute acids classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess: trioses have three carbon atoms; tetroses, four; pentoses, five; hexoses, six; etc Each of the above is further divided into aldoses and ketoses, depending on whether the molecule contains an aldehyde group (– CHO) or a ketone group (–CO–) Most common monosaccharides in industrial fermentations are hexoses and pentoses: – Glucose, Maltose, Galactose (aldohexoses) (C6H12O6) – Fructose (ketohexose) (C6H12O6) Substances with the same molecular formula but different arrangment of atoms are called ??? http://www.answers.com/topic/monosaccharide-1  Monosaccharides In aqueous solutions, most monosaccharides cyclize (form a ring structure) and the cyclic structure exists in equilibrium with its straight- chain structure http://www.ausetute.com.au/redsugar.html http://www.ausetute.com.au/sugars.html    What do you call this type of projection formula ? What do you call this type of projection formula ?   http://www.answers.com/topic/monosaccharide- 1  Monosaccharides Reducing sugars – A reducing sugar is any sugar that, in a solution, has an aldehyde or a ketone group. – This allows the sugar to act as a reducing agent Common reagents for the analysis of reducing sugars http://3.bp.blogspot.c om/_s6tOoXRKRX8/ S9GSeMX_1fI/AAAA AAAAAO4/kPu_44Y Kpmw/s1600/Benedi ctsTest-1.jpg http://124.153.95.216/Content StorageWS/storageAssets/890 4/default.jpg http://www.ausetute.com.au/redsugar.html All common monosaccharides are reducing sugars http://www.ausetute.com.au/sugars.html  Monosaccharides Reducing sugars http://3.bp.blogspot.c http://124.153.95.216/Content om/_s6tOoXRKRX8/ StorageWS/storageAssets/890 S9GSeMX_1fI/AAAA 4/default.jpg AAAAAO4/kPu_44Y Kpmw/s1600/Benedi ctsTest-1.jpg http://www.ausetute.com.au/redsugar.html http://www.ausetute.com.au/sugars.html  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides simple sugars: polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, or derivatives general classes: aldoses, contain CHO group ketoses, contain CO group can be further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses Usually have assymetric carbons and have a number of possible isomers Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units, some common disaccharides shown below: Name Monosaccaride Reducing sugar? units sucrose no lactose yes maltose yes cellobiose yes Starch Cellulose 60  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides simple sugars: polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, or derivatives general classes: aldoses, contain CHO group ketoses, contain CO group can be further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses Usually have assymetric carbons and have a number of possible isomers Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units, some common disaccharides shown below: Name Monosaccaride Reducing sugar? units sucrose glucose, fructose no lactose glucose, galactose yes maltose glucose, glucose yes cellobiose glucose, glucose yes (steroisomer of maltose) Starch Cellulose 61  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides simple sugars: polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, or derivatives general classes: aldoses, contain CHO group ketoses, contain CO group can be further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses Usually have assymetric carbons and have a number of possible isomers Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units, some common disaccharides shown below: Name Monosaccaride Reducing sugar? units sucrose glucose, fructose no lactose glucose, galactose yes maltose glucose, glucose yes cellobiose glucose, glucose yes (steroisomer of maltose) Starch polysaccharide : main component of cereals, potatoes, rice, consists of two main fractions amylose fraction: insoluble component (10%-25%), usually a single linear chain of up to 4,000 glucose units linked by α (1’-4’) glycosidic bonds (longer chains are helical) amylopectin fraction: highly branched amylase fraction, -various lengths of linear chains of α (1’-4’) glucans that a lined to a core chain by α (1’-6’) glycosidic bonds hydrolyzed by the enzyme, amylase Cellulose 62  BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Table L-4 Carbohydrates often encountered in bioprocessing (Lee 1992) Classification Characteristics Monosaccharides simple sugars: polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, or derivatives general classes: aldoses, contain CHO group ketoses, contain CO group can be further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses Usually have assymetric carbons and have a number of possible isomers Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units, some common disaccharides shown below: Name Monosaccaride Reducing sugar? units sucrose glucose, fructose no lactose glucose, galactose yes maltose glucose, glucose yes cellobiose glucose, glucose yes (steroisomer of maltose) Starch polysaccharide : main component of cereals, potatoes, rice, consists of two main fractions amylose fraction: insoluble component (10%-25%), usually a single linear chain of up to 4,000 glucose units linked by α (1’-4’) glycosidic bonds (longer chains are helical) amylopectin fraction: highly branched amylase fraction, -various lengths of linear chains of α (1’-4’) glucans that a lined to a core chain by α (1’-6’) glycosidic bonds hydrolyzed by the enzyme, amylase Cellulose a structural component of plant cell walls and the most abundant organic compound on earth consists of long chains of cellobiose molecules joined together by β (1’-4’) glycosidic bonds hydrolyzed by the enzyme, cellulase 63 BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Structural Differences in the Repeating Units of Starch and Cellulose α(1’-4’) glycosidic bonds STARCH (amylose) α(1’-6’) glycosidic bonds (amylopectin) CELLULOSE β-(1’-4’) glycosidic bonds Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by αβ Bailey and Ollis BIOMOLECULES PROTEINS -polymers built from amino acid monomers (usually α-amino acids) -considerered the most abundant organic molecules inside living cells R Amino Acids General H2N C COOH Structure H Amino acids are optically active, i.e. and occur in 2 isomeric forms Only L-amino acids occur in nature Amino Acids and pH Amino Acids have both carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) groups The acidic group is positively charged at low pH, the basic group is negatively charged at high pH. Isoelectric point; pH at which amino acids have no net electrical charge Source: Biochemical Engineering The amino acid acts as a dipolar ion or zwitterion. Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  R BIOMOLECULES C H2N COOH PROTEINS H Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis BIOMOLECULES PROTEINS How are proteins formed from amino acid building blocks? Condensation reactions resulting in the formation of peptide bonds PEPTIDE BOND Functions of Proteins Structural Proteins collagen, keratin Catalytic Proteins enzymes Transport Proteins hemoglobin Regulatory proteins hormones Source: Biochemical Engineering Protective proteins antibodies Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  Protein Structure and Function BIOMOLECULES Protein function is largely due to its structural diversity. Protein structure can be described in three or four levels. Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  Protein Structure and Function BIOMOLECULES Protein function is largely due to its structural diversity. Protein structure can be described in three or four levels. Primary amino acid structure joined structure through peptide bonds Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  Protein Structure and Function BIOMOLECULES Protein function is largely due to its structural diversity. Protein structure can be described in three or four levels. Primary amino acid structure joined structure through peptide bonds Secondary manner of extension of structure polymer chain, due largely to hydrogen bonding between residues not widely separated along the chain Tertiary structure Quarternary structure Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  Protein Structure and Function BIOMOLECULES Protein function is largely due to its structural diversity. Protein structure can be described in three or four levels. Primary amino acid structure joined structure through peptide bonds Secondary manner of extension of structure polymer chain, due largely to hydrogen bonding between residues not widely separated along the chain Tertiary folding, bending of polymer structure chain, induced by hydrogen, salt, and covalent disulfide bonds as well as hydrophobid and hydrophilic interaction Quarternary structure Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  Protein Structure and Function BIOMOLECULES Protein function is largely due to its structural diversity. Protein structure can be described in three or four levels. Primary amino acid structure joined structure through peptide bonds Secondary manner of extension of structure polymer chain, due largely to hydrogen bonding between residues not widely separated along the chain Tertiary folding, bending of polymer structure chain, induced by hydrogen, salt, and covalent disulfide bonds as well as hydrophobid and hydrophilic interaction Quarternary how different polypeptide structure chains fit together, structure stabilized by same forces as tertiary structures Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  BIOMOLECULES Lipids -hydrophobic biological compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, chloroform and ether. -usually appear in non-aqueous biological phases, such as plasma membranes. Lipid Function -biological fuel-storage molecules -components of biological membranes of cells Lipid Structure building blocks: fatty acids on a glycerol backbone Lipid Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  BIOMOLECULES Lipids building blocks: fatty acids on a glycerol backbone Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis  BIO NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA MOLECULES Nucleotides acids: Basic Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids Phosphate 5- Base Group Carbon Group Sugar Group  BIO NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA MOLECULES Nucleotides acids: Basic Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids Source: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis BIO NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA MOLECULES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA BIO NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA and RNA MOLECULES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA