Chapters 8 Radio.pdf

Radio Portable, Universal Access & (usually) free  Supplemental (while doing other things)  Selective (segmentation & specialization)  Intimate space  Emergency functions  Advertising is primarily local   1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves  Guglielmo Marconi sends wireless us...

Radio Portable, Universal Access & (usually) free  Supplemental (while doing other things)  Selective (segmentation & specialization)  Intimate space  Emergency functions  Advertising is primarily local   1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves  Guglielmo Marconi sends wireless using Morse code . - . - . – and started wireless telegraphy company helped develop radio  Others develop technology to transmit sound: ◦ Fessenden: high-speed and continuouswave to broadcast human voice & music ◦ De Forest: vacuum tube (audion) receiving radio signals  World War 1, US Navy took over all radio patents  Radio Corporation of America (RCA) formed by AT&T, GE & Westinghouse  David Sarnoff: worked for Marconi Company. Head of RCA “radio music box”.  Frank Conard: radio transmitter  His experimental radio station provided the inspiration & acted in establishment of Westinghouse's first broadcasting service, over radio station KDKA       Network radio begins & airwaves soon clutter Radio act of 1927: all radio stations in the US be licensed by the federal government licensing 1934 Radio regulation: replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Radio enters the nation’s homes WWII strengthens radio popularity Post-WWII, pairs with recording industry (record labels)   New program formats emerge (e.g. Lone Ranger, Amos & Andy, Rock-NRoll, talk shows, etc.) 1938: War of the Worlds broadcast hoax         Rise of FM technology competes with TV Network radio fragments & local content thrives Music, talk and news formats endure Top 40 develops, specialization ensues (rock to classical) DJs becomes stars & influence popularity (payola) National Public Radio starts in 1970s Telecom Act of 1996, changes ownership laws The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business & to let any communications business compete in any market against any other ◦ Conglomerates develop ◦ FM/Am serve different roles     Early broadcasting was not expensive since exposure they received was worth it AT&T starts selling time on WEAF Attracted companies with selling products In 1922 Queensboro Realty Company paid $300 for 5 radio talks     It was cheaper for all stations to share the cost of single program & broadcast NBC (National Broadcast Company) (RCA) CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) ABC (American Broadcasting Company)        Satellite radio (XM/Sirus). It provided pay-for-service radio HD radio makes few waves. Allows broadcasters to transmit a high-quality digital signal. For listeners who have an HD Radio receiver Music players cut into market (iPod) Royalty disputes lead to new copyright models Traditional radio also goes online and on Apps Podcasting begins (user-generated & professional) Social media allow some audience input         The first radio broadcasts in Kuwait was at 7 pm on May 12th 1951 It was from Nayif Palace The first song was for Mahmood Al-Kuwaiti First news broadcast was in 1960 After Kuwait's liberation from Britain in 1961, the radio medium grew It has an important role during Abdul Kareem Qasim’s crisis also in 1990 In 2002, Kuwaiti radio stations provide public programs 24 hours a day. There are various Arabic radio stations such as Radio Kuwait which broadcasts news, music and talk radio.