Chapter Test: Biology PDF

○ od).  ○ 1. The Hierarchy of Structure in Animals Hierarchy (from smallest to largest): 1. Cells: The basic building blocks of the body. 2. Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together (e.g., skin, muscles). 3. Organs: Different tissues working t...

○ od).  ○ 1. The Hierarchy of Structure in Animals Hierarchy (from smallest to largest): 1. Cells: The basic building blocks of the body. 2. Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together (e.g., skin, muscles). 3. Organs: Different tissues working together to do a specific job (e.g., heart, lungs). 4. Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together (e.g., the digestive system, circulatory system). 5. Organisms: A complete living thing (e.g., human, animal). Differences between each level: 1. Cells vs. Tissues: Cells are the tiny units that make up tissues. Tissues are groups of similar cells working together.  2. Tissues vs. Organs: Tissues are made of cells, and organs are made of different tissues working together. 4 Major Types of Tissues: 1. Epithelial Tissue: Protects your body and organs (like your skin). 2. Connective Tissue: Supports your body and connects parts together (like bones, blood). 3. Muscle Tissue: Helps you move (e.g., in your muscles). 4. Nerve Tissue: Sends signals to the brain and throughout your body (e.g., brain, nerves). 2. The Digestive System What It Is & What It Does: ○ The digestive system breaks down food so your body can absorb nutrients and get rid of waste. Parts of the Digestive System: ○ Mouth: Starts digestion by breaking food into smaller pieces (chewing) and adding saliva to break it down chemically. ○ Esophagus: A tube that moves food from your mouth to your stomach. ○ Stomach: Breaks food down further using stomach acid and enzymes. ○ Small Intestine: Main place where nutrients from food are absorbed into your blood. ○ Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms solid waste (poop). ○ Liver: Makes bile, which helps digest fat. ○ Pancreas: Makes enzymes that help break down food. ○ Gallbladder: Stores bile made by the liver. Importance of Mucus: Mucus protects the digestive system from stomach acid and helps food move through smoothly. Types of Digestion: ○ Mechanical Digestion: Breaking food into smaller pieces by chewing or churning. ○ Chemical Digestion: Breaking food into even smaller parts with enzymes and acids. 3. The Circulatory System What It Is & What It Does: ○ The circulatory system moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste through your body. Parts: ○ Heart: Pumps blood throughout your body.  ○ Blood Vessels: Tubes (arteries, veins, capillaries) that carry blood to and from the heart and body. ○ Blood: Contains red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (help blood clot), and plasma (liquid part). Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries: ○ Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. ○ Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. ○ Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where oxygen and waste are exchanged. How the Heart Works: ○ The heart pumps blood to the lungs (to pick up oxygen) and to the rest of the body (to deliver oxygen and nutrients). 4. The Respiratory System What It Is & What It Does: ○ The respiratory system helps you breathe in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. Parts: ○ Nose/Mouth: Where air enters your body. ○ Trachea: The windpipe that carries air to the lungs. ○ Lungs: Where oxygen is taken into the blood, and carbon dioxide is removed. ○ Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. ○ Diaphragm: A muscle that helps you breathe in and out. Gas Exchange: Oxygen moves from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air. Breathing: ○ Inhale: Diaphragm moves down, lungs expand, and air enters. ○ Exhale: Diaphragm moves up, lungs shrink, and air is pushed out. Exercise: When you exercise, you breathe faster to get more oxygen into your body. 5. The Musculoskeletal System What It Is & What It Does: 1. The musculoskeletal system helps you move, protects organs, and gives your body structure. Parts: 1. Bones: Provide structure and protect organs (e.g., skull protects the brain). 2. Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones at joints. 3. Cartilage: Cushions joints to prevent bones from rubbing together. 4. Muscles: Allow movement by contracting and relaxing (e.g., biceps).  Types of Muscles: 1. Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary muscles that move your bones (e.g., arms and legs). 2. Smooth Muscle: Involuntary muscles that move food through your digestive system. 3. Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary muscle that makes the heart beat. Movement: Muscles contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen) to move bones. 6. The Nervous System What It Is & What It Does: 1. The nervous system controls the body by sending signals through nerves. Parts: 1. Brain: Controls thoughts, memory, emotions, and actions. 2. Spinal Cord: Carries signals from the brain to the rest of the body. 3. Nerves: Carry signals to and from the brain. Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that send signals to the body. Neurons: Nerve cells that carry electrical signals. They have three parts: 1. Dendrites: Receive signals. 2. Axon: Sends signals. 3. Synapse: The gap where signals pass from one neuron to another. Reflexes: Quick responses that happen without thinking, like when you touch something hot and immediately pull away. Disorders: Problems like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or epilepsy can affect the nervous system.