ADDIS ABABA University Assignment on Emerging Technologies, November 2024 PDF

**ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY** **Assignment on Unit Review Question for Chapter One and Two** Course: Introduction to Emerging Technologies (EmTe1012) *Group members:*\ **Adinoyi Hamza**\ *Student UGR: UGR/9200/17* *Group members:*\ **Ruhama Tsehay**\ *Student UGR: UGR/* *8112/17* *Group members:*\...

**ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY** **Assignment on Unit Review Question for Chapter One and Two** Course: Introduction to Emerging Technologies (EmTe1012) *Group members:*\ **Adinoyi Hamza**\ *Student UGR: UGR/9200/17* *Group members:*\ **Ruhama Tsehay**\ *Student UGR: UGR/* *8112/17* *Group members:*\ **Habtamu Amsalu**\ *Student UGR: UGR/3306/17* *Group members:*\ **Hermon Nardos**\ *Student UGR: UGR/* *4427/17* *Group members:*\ **Eldana Dawit**\ *Student UGR: UGR/* *6307/17* *Submitted to:*\ **Prof. Seid Issa** Date: November 19, 2024 Chapter One and Two Review Questions and Answers **Chapter One** 1. **Where did the Industrial Revolution start and why did it begin there?** ***[Answer:]*** British society adopted industrialisation in the 18th Century due to a number of factors that were beneficial for improving the status of industries in this nation. For example, Britain was able to draw on its vast reserves of coal and iron which were vital for fuelling steam engines and building machinery. Coal, for instance, was a basic necessity that was needed for James Watt's steam engine, which changed a host of processes such as textile manufacturing amongst others. Moreover, due to Britain's Agricultural Revolution, food supply increased, increased food supply led to an increased population in society. This meant that there were a large number of people available who were willing to work in factories. In terms of economy, there existed a pretty solid scenario in Britain which came in the form of banks and stock exchange, which made it easy for one to fund a new idea. Its colonial empire supplied raw materials like cotton and also created a demand for the finished products. Politically, Britain was in a good place and its government preferred trade and innovation which was well supported by the policies of patenting. Finally, transportation was a critical factor. The large rivers and canals of Britain and later the railways helped in the speedy movement of raw materials and finished goods. Example: Due to the reliance on coal, James Watt\'s steam engine proved to be extremely productive and a vital part of the case for manufacturing growth 2. **What does "emerging" mean, emerging technologies and how are they found?** ***[Answer:]*** Emerging technologies are new or rapidly developing fields that may be still maturing, nevertheless have the potential to disrupt industries and impact people or society on a very large scale (for example Artificial Intelligence or Blockchain). They are frequently uncoverries from r and d research and development; stimulated by markets desiring for improved results; or originates from scientific advances enabling brand-new applications. **3. What makes "emerging technologies" happen and what impact will they have on** **Individuals, Society, and Environment?** ***[Answer:]*** Emerging technologies:- which are new, not yet fully established technology fields, arise from scientific advances and innovations in science or engineering. They occur as the shape of technological progress changes or new uses for existing technologies are uncovered. On the individual side, new tools for efficiency and entertainment, and changes to lifestyle Emerging technologies can change whole industries, jobs and the balance of power amongst nations. From an environmental perspective, certain technologies contribute to reducing our footprint (such as alternative energy technology), but others may lead to more consumption or waste. **4. Discussed the economic and ideological causes of the American, the French, and** **the Chinese Revolutions, and to see the larger historical contexts in which these** **events took place?** ***[Answer:]*** American Revolution: This was rooted in economic discontent caused by British taxation and barriers to trade. Enmity towards the British rule was infused by Enlightenment thoughts like freedom and self-rule. French Revolution: The social conditions mainly included the following wealth, rampant taxes and hunger. An Enlightenment movement was also a founding ideate in combating monarchy and aristocracy. Chinese Revolution: Political and economic exploitation such as capitalist enthrallment and societal poverty were key causes. Certain ideologies also aided in revolutionary movements such as Marxism. It was set in imperialism, war-lordism and the decaying stages of the Qing dynasty. **5. Discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the Chinese** **revolutions and analyze the reasons for and significance of the different outcomes** **of these three revolutions?** ***[Answer:]*** American Revolution: It was an efficient revolution that resulted in a free democratic republic that embraced liberty and property ownership. French Revolution: It was more radical and revolting, this led to the overthrowing of the throne and a complete overhaul of the social and political orders which paved way to Napoleon. Chinese Revolution: It was a lengthy battle that adopted the Marxist way leading to the formation of the People's Republic of China under communist control, different from the America and France revolutions which retained the capitalist systems. **6. Discuss the successes and the shortcomings of the conservative reaction to the** **French Revolution as seen in the actions of the Congress of Vienna and the Holy** **Alliance?** ***[Answer:]*** The Congress of Vienna, together with the Holy Alliance, was aimed at restoring monarchy and the conservative order that had been disrupted by the French Revolution. Among the achievements was the stabilization in Europe and maintaining peace for the time. However, their failures entailed overlooking the root causes of the revolutions and so late 19th-century revolutions reappeared once again. **7. How do recent approaches to "embodied interaction" differ from earlier accounts** **of the role of cognition in human-computer interaction?** ***[Answer:]*** Embodied interaction has focused more on the physical body and sensory experiences in human-computer interaction. This is somewhat of a shift from earlier approaches that have focused more strongly on the cognitive processes involving memory, attention, and problem-solving. Contemporary perspectives incorporate the body as an integral part in the interaction with technology, considering that cognition is not purely mental but inherently related to physical motion and interaction. **8. What is the reason for taking care of design a good computer-human interface?** ***[Answer:]*** A well-designed computer-human interface (HCI) is essential to ensure that users can effectively interact with technology. Good design makes tasks easier, reduces errors, improves efficiency, and enhances overall user experience. It is especially important in ensuring that technology is accessible to people of all skill levels and needs. **9. Discuss the pros and cons of human-computer interaction technology?** ***[Answer:]*** **Pros** **Cons** ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enhances access and user friendliness, for types of users. Relying much on technology can result in, in person interaction. Boosts efficiency and user satisfaction through user designs. Interfaces that are not well designed can lead to frustration and inefficiency. Enhances the effectiveness and pleasure of engaging with gadgets. Integrating technology into our lives could raise issues related to security and privacy concerns. **Chapter Two** 1. **Define data science; what are the roles of a data scientist?** ***[Answer:]*** Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that utilizes scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract meaningful knowledge and insights from data, whether structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. It involves not only analyzing data but also involves collecting, processing, and interpreting large datasets to support decision-making. The role of a data scientist is broad and requires a range of skills, including programming, data mining, and statistical analysis. A data scientist's tasks include managing the data science life cycle, analyzing complex data, and communicating findings effectively to non-technical stakeholders. They must be curious, result-oriented, and possess industry-specific knowledge. 2. **Discuss data and its types from computer programming and data analytics perspectives?** ***[Answer:]*** Data types determine the storage and manipulation of data on a computer programming level. Common types include: Whole numbers: Integers (Negative and positive, such as -5 and 10) Booleans: These are the values that can be either true or false. Characters: A character (e.g. \'A\') Real Numbers: numbers that have a decimal point (e.g. 3.14) String: used to represent letters and numbers (hello123) Data types can be classified (well defined state with few changes) in the context of data analytics like Structured data: Data that is usually organized in a predetermined manner, for example on an Excel or SQL DB, where you find it lined-up properly in rows and columns. And Semi-structured data are data that does not fit strictly into a structured format but in which each element contains tags or markers to separate the fields and record elements, such as JSON or XML files while unstructured data are Data without a predefined structure, which is impossible to analyze with classical methods (e.g., audio, video, and text files). Lastly metadata, or data about data, includes even more information, such as when and where a photo was taken---for the sake of big data analytics. **3. Discuss a series of steps needed to generate value and useful insights from data?** ***[Answer:]*** The data value chain demonstrates the processes involved in raw data transformation into valuable insights. Data Acquisition: Sourcing and preparing data from a variety of sources which may include cleaning and filtering. Data Analysis: Using the cleaned data to make decisions through techniques such as data mining and machine learning. Data Curation: Overseeing the data through its life cycle to ensure that high quality, accessibility, and usability are maintained. Data Storage: Appropriately and scalably storing data like in distributed systems for example Hadoop. Data Usage: These data are got from the analysis and then used for making decisions or are employed by the company to do some activities and to drive improvements or open the new ways of growth. Presumably, these steps collectively represent the fact that data can be transformed into useful insights that will be of benefit to an organization. **4. What is the principal goal of data science?** ***[Answer:]*** The principal goal of data science is to extract meaningful insights from large and complex datasets that can inform decision-making. By applying scientific methods, data scientists aim to analyze structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data to uncover trends, patterns, and predictions. Ultimately, data science helps organizations make data-driven decisions, optimize processes, and gain competitive advantages **5. List out and discuss the characteristics of Big Data?** ***[Answer:]*** Big Data is defined by several key characteristics, often referred to as the \"3 Vs\" (and more): **Volume**: Refers to the vast amount of data being generated, often in zettabytes or more. **Velocity**: The speed at which data is generated and needs to be processed, such as real-time streaming data. **Variety**: The diverse types of data (e.g., structured, semi-structured, unstructured) from various sources. **Veracity**: The trustworthiness of the data, which is crucial for making reliable decisions. **6. How we ingest streaming data into Hadoop Cluster?** Streaming data is ingested into a Hadoop Cluster using tools like **Flume** and **Sqoop**. **Sqoop** is used to transfer data from relational databases into Hadoop\'s distributed file system (HDFS). **Flume** is used to handle event data and stream it into Hadoop in real-time. These tools enable Hadoop to handle the high volume and velocity of data typical in streaming scenarios, allowing it to process and analyze data as it is generated **References:** The information presented in this assignment was gathered from a variety of reliable sources, including textbooks/handout and online materials. Most of our source material was from the course handout titled "EMERGING-TECHNOLOGIES". Furthermore, the tools, meaning the online materials while be listed below. Candace Lehman \"Industrial Revolution\" Study.com. Last modified 11/21/2023 \" Emerging technologies\" Wikipedia.org. Last modified [7 November 2024](%207%20November%202024) James Kiss, Numberade.com. Last modified 05/10/2023 Aditya Kumar \" Data Scientist Job Description: Role, Responsibilities & Skills \"simplilearn.com. Last modified Nov 12, 2024