Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes - Scholarship of Writing in Nursing Education PDF

Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Identify style rules. Understand academic integrity. Describe how to avoid plagiarism. Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes | 333 Overview: Style Rules and...

Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Identify style rules. Understand academic integrity. Describe how to avoid plagiarism. Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes | 333 Overview: Style Rules and Academic Integrity Style rules and academic integrity are among the most important elements of your writing. This chapter will introduce you to APA: this acronym might be unfamiliar now, but by the end of your program you will understand what this acronym is and you will have these style rules memorized. This chapter will also teach you about the importance of writing ethically as you integrate your own voice and ideas with those of others: you never want to be accused of plagiarism! NOTE: this chapter is based on the 7th edition of the APA manual, which is the most current version. Check your course syllabus or check with your instructor which edition you are supposed to use. You may be required to purchase this manual for some courses. 334 | Overview: Style Rules and Academic Integrity Style Rules Style rules are guidelines to ensure uniform writing across authors and publications. You may be familiar with popular guides such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard referencing. Your assignment guidelines will usually specify which style guidelines to use; if not, check with your instructor. Whichever style guide is required you should consult the most current manual because guidelines are updated every few years. Remember, this chapter is based on the 7th edition of the APA (2020) manual. The American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines are commonly used in many academic fields, including nursing. The APA manual is a required resource for many nursing courses. So it is advised that you purchase it early in your program and consult it throughout. You can pick it up at your university bookstore. Another option is to borrow it from the university library. Additionally, the APA website has many resources, descriptions, and examples. All style guides specify how to write, format your paper, and cite your sources. You have already learned about some elements of writing, such as language and tone of voice. Other style rules may apply to elements such as manuscript structure (title page, abstract, layout of paper, and appendices), and citations and references. New with the current version of APA (2020) is a student version for a title page, which also includes the course number and course name, the instructor name, and the assignment due date (in order of month, day, year with month spelled out). Other items to include are: the title of paper (bold, centred, and title case, located in upper half of page [approximately 3 to 4 lines down from the top of the page]), author name (with one extra double space between the paper title and author), affiliation (e.g., name of school and institution, such as the university), and the page number. Also, the new version of APA indicates that student papers do not require Style Rules | 335 a running head, thus we advise you not to include one. Keep in mind the whole title page should be doubled spaced and centred. See Figure 9.1 for an example title page for a student paper as per APA (2020). Other style rules are related to formatting (margins, line spacing, font size and style, indenting, page numbers, and title). For example, the guidelines indicated with APA (2020) are: (a) One-inch margins on all four margins with left justification; (b) Double spaced text; (c) Times New Roman 12 font; (d) Page numbers in top right corner starting on the title page; (e) “Indent first line of every paragraph 0.5 in” (p. 45); (f) One space after each sentence. (g) In addition, the title of your paper should appear on the first line of the text of your paper (APA, 2020). As per APA, this title should be “title case, bold, and centered” (p. 39). You also need to consider levels of heading in your paper. Headings help you organize your paper. APA (2020) identifies five levels of heading all of which are bolded and title cased. For an example of headings, check out the inside cover of the APA manual at this link. You will see that some headings are centred whereas others are flush left or indented (APA, 2020). Also, some are italicized and some have a period at the end of the heading. For a short paper, you may also decide to not use any headings except Level 1. This level is always included in a paper because the paper’s title is always noted on the first page following the title page (APA, 2020). And then, remember that the introduction to your paper does not require a heading (APA, 2020). If your paper is short, you may choose to use just Level 1 heading, which means your headings will be “centered, bold, and title case” (APA, 2020, p. 46). 336 | Style Rules  Student Tip Making a Manual Work for You You may find style manuals confusing. Start by looking at the Table of Contents and review the most relevant sections. You could create a summary sheet of key points or use stick-on tabs to mark important pages or highlight important sections. Manuals provide samples of title pages, abstracts, introductions, citations, and references, and you should model your work based on these samples. Figure 9.1: Sample title page for a student paper 1 The Effects of Baccalaureate Education on the Profession of Nursing Thomas Yeates Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University Style Rules | 337  NSE 98: Professional Issues in Nursing Professor Osay Mina January 15, 2020 338 | Style Rules Academic Integrity Along with your own original work, part of scholarly writing involves integrating the ideas of others. Academic integrity requires that you truthfully present your own ideas and identify when you are incorporating the work and ideas of others. A citation is a reference to another person’s work. You will often read what others have written on a topic and integrate their work into your own writing. By including citations, you show your readers that you have done some research; you also help position your ideas within the scholarly conversation on a topic. When you are quoting numbers and statistics, citations show your readers that the information is factual and can be trusted. Citations provide just enough details to lead your reader to the sources you used, in a standardized format. Informing readers where you found information helps them distinguish between existing sources and your original thoughts. This is critically important! Failing to cite can lead to a charge of plagiarism, which can have various consequences depending on your institution: a reduced grade or even a zero on an assignment, a failing grade for the whole course, or a disciplinary notation in your student file. Failing to cite can also devalue your work, as readers will not trust you. Listen to Audio Podcast 9.1 about a discussion about Academic Integrity with John Paul Foxe who is the Director of the Academic Integrity Office at Toronto Metropolitan University. One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this Academic Integrity | 339  version of the text. You can view them online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2023#oembed-1 Audio Podcast 9:1: Academic integrity [18:46] Student Tip Academic Integrity Office Check out your university’s academic integrity office. It will usually have a website with tutorials, videos, quizzes, and other resources related to academic integrity. Here is a link to the Toronto Metropolitan University Academic Integrity Office. Attribution statement The middle section of this page is an adaptation (editorial changes and made more concise) of: 340 | Academic Integrity  Write Here, Right Now by Dr. Paul Chafe, Aaron Tucker with chapters from Dr. Kari Maaren, Dr. Martha Adante, Val Lem, Trina Grover and Kelly Dermody, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download this book for free at: https://pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca/writehere/ Academic Integrity | 341 Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Plagiarism involves integrating another person’s ideas and intellectual material into your writing without giving them credit or citing them. In nursing, you will cite sources including peer- reviewed journals, textbooks, and websites. It might seem funny, but you can also plagiarize yourself: self-plagiarism is a type of plagiarism where you don’t reference ideas that you previously wrote about in other assignments. Why do people plagiarize? Sometimes a writer plagiarizes work on purpose, for example, by copying and pasting or purchasing an essay from a website and submitting it as original work. See Figure 9.2. This may happen because the writer has not managed their time and has left the paper to the last minute, or has struggled with the writing process or the topic. This can lead to desperation and cause the writer to take credit for someone else’s ideas. In other cases, a writer may commit accidental plagiarism due to carelessness, haste, or misunderstanding. A writer may be unable to provide a complete, accurate citation because they neglected to record the bibliographical information, for example, by cutting and pasting from a website and then forgetting where the material came from. Or, a writer who procrastinates may rush through a draft, which easily leads to sloppy paraphrasing and inaccurate quotations. These careless actions can create the appearance of plagiarism and lead to negative consequences. 342 | Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism  Both types of plagiarism have serious consequences that can affect your success in your program. Figure 9.2: Plagiarism Turnitin Turnitin is a tool that helps instructors identify plagiarism. Your instructor may provide a link for you to submit your paper to the Turnitin website for scanning. This detection service compares your writing to a vast collection of writing (including Internet sources and other student papers) from around the world. It uses a similarity index to identify components of your writing that are similar to other sources. Don’t plagiarize – turnitin will catch you! How to avoid plagiarism? You can avoid plagiarism by following these simple rules (also, see Film Clip 9.2): Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism | 343  Start by writing what you know about a subject, turning to sources only when you need to support your own ideas with authoritative backing or when there’s a knowledge gap you cannot fill on your own. Or, of course, to satisfy requirements required by your instructor, who may require you to cite a certain number of sources to support your writing. Even then, most of the work should be your own. Take notes carefully. If you add source material to your work, mark it or identify it in such a way that you will know it’s from a source. Cite the work immediately and add it to your reference list. If you use someone else’s intellectual property, you must give them credit. Changing a few words from a source and presenting it as your own is still plagiarism. Carefully follow guidelines on how to paraphrase and quote source material, coming up on the next page. One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view them online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2026#oembed-1 Film Clip 9.2: Avoiding plagiarism [2:00] Student Tip 344 | Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism  Previously Graded Work Most instructors will not permit you to submit previously graded work in their course, and using your own ideas from previous assignments can place you at risk for self- plagiarism. You should try to choose a completely different topic to avoid the temptation to reuse previously submitted work. However, an instructor will sometimes ask you to build on your ideas from a previous paper; in this case, you might want to have a discussion with the instructor about self-plagiarism. Activities: Check Your Understanding An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2026#h5p-77 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism | 345  https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2026#h5p-78 Attribution statement The section about “Why do people plagiarize?” is an adaptation of (editorial changes): Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ The section about “How to avoid plagiarism? is an adaptation (editorial changes) of: The Word on College Reading and Writing by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.Download for free at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/wrd/ 346 | Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations You can incorporate the ideas of others into your writing by paraphrasing or using direct quotations. See Table 9.1. Table 9.1: Paraphrasing and direct quotations Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations | 347 What it is? Why use it? Considerations Paraphrasing involves Paraphrasing can A paraphrase must be presenting ideas from demonstrate your entirely your own source material in understanding of a writing, not just words your own words. text – its details and substituted into the connections between same sentence its main points. It can structure, length, etc., also help you double- used in the original check the depth of text. Write your understanding of paraphrases in a text. sentence structures that are natural to you For example, you and true to your own might paraphrase an writing voice. The only important idea from a job of a paraphrase is source when you want to accurately to include it in an represent the relevant assignment, but also idea. want to rephrase it in a way that matches your style without losing any key information. 348 | Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations A If the original text is You should generally quotation (sometimes phrased in a way that limit your use of called a direct is particularly quotations. Don’t rely quotation) is when you powerful/vivid and too heavily on them: use the exact paraphrasing would most of your paper wording from a likely weaken it, a should be in your own source. In this case, direct quotation is a words and in your own you must be careful to good option. This is voice. Too many exactly copy the also true when the quotations may source’s original language of the indicate a lack of language, word for original source is so original ideas and word. special or unique that thoughts. it can’t be reasonably rephrased. You should also avoid using unnecessarily A direct quotation can long quotations. If a demonstrate that an quotation is longer authoritative source than a sentence or supports your point. It two, consider whether can also present an the full quotation is opposing view to your needed or whether a own for discussion: it partial quotation or a can be useful to summary would do. present opposing Quotes over forty views as direct words should be quotations to avoid formatted as a block the risk of personal quotation (start it on a bias affecting the new line, do not use language of a quotation marks, and paraphrase. indent it a.5 in) (APA, 2020) Student Tip It is generally best to paraphrase another person’s ideas as opposed to using a direct quotation. Paraphrasing shows that you have understood the source material and have situated it in the context of your own ideas. Many writers don’t include any direct quotations. Direct quotations Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations | 349  should only be used when the idea can’t be expressed in any other way. Activities: Check Your Understanding An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2028#h5p-79 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2028#h5p-80 350 | Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations Attribution statement The content in Table 9.1 was adapted (editorial changes) and reformulated into a table from: The Word on College Reading and Writing by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.Download for free at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/wrd/ Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations | 351 Citing Another Person’s Ideas You will cite another person’s ideas to give credit to their work and to clarify what is their work and what is yours. Within a paragraph, you only have to cite the authors once, IF it is clear that the other sentences are still being paraphrased (APA, 2000). However, it has to be clear when a sentence is paraphrased and when a sentence is your own original idea. See Film Clip 9.3 about citing another person’s ideas. APA (2020) uses the author-date citation system. Each source that you cite must be in the reference list and each source in the reference list must be in the text of your paper (APA, 2020). Here’s a correctly cited excerpt using APA (2020): Hart and Lu-Ann (2019) argued that many students do not cite appropriately. They further stated that students often fail to indicate where a reference begins and ends. In my experience, I have found that students do not reference enough. Many students lose grades because of poor citations, and this is often because they do not understand the nuances of APA citation (Hart & Lu-Ann, 2019). As you will note in the example above, an ampersand (&) is used within parenthesis between authors’ names and the word “and” is used between authors’ names with the textual content that is not in parentheses (APA, 2020). One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view them online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2030#oembed-1 Film Clip 9.3: Citing another person’s ideas [2:01] 352 | Citing Another Person’s Ideas In-text citations An in-text citation can be a citation placed in parentheses within the text of your paper (this is called parenthetical citations) (APA, 2020). You can do this by including a short quotation from the original text within your work, or a paraphrase of the ideas, followed by the author and year of publication. For example: Despite the media’s insistence that it is colour-blind, Serena is most often portrayed as a symbol of Black pride and heritage (Schultz, 2005). Another option is to begin the sentence with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. This is called a narrative citation because the citation is embedded in the text (APA, 2020). When doing it this way, make sure that you place the year in parentheses right after the author’s name: According to Schultz (2005), despite the media’s insistence that it is colour-blind, Serena is most often portrayed as a symbol of Black pride and heritage. If you are including multiple references within parentheses, list them in alphabetical order, and if by the same author, list in chronological order (APA, 2020). For example: It has been found that hand hygiene with handgel is the best measure for infection prevention (Barjarow, 2017, 2019; Matilada & Barsowitz, 2018). Use letter notations to distinguish two different citations that have the same author and same year (APA, 2020), such as: Reading prior to lecture has been correlated with better grades (Lapum 2017a, 2017b). When including direct quotations, you must add page numbers. For example: According to Schultz (2005), “In the overwhelmingly White world of professional tennis, Serena Williams and her older Citing Another Person’s Ideas | 353  sister Venus are frequently represented in the tradition of Black pride and heritage” (p. 339). You should carefully consider how to integrate and introduce quotations. See Table 9.2 on points to consider when using direct quotations as per APA (2020). As per APA: use quotation marks around phrases that are direct quotes and under 40 words; and use a block format (indented 0.5 inch) with no quotation marks for phrases that are direct quotes and greater than 40 words. Table 9.2: Points to consider when using direct quotations 354 | Citing Another Person’s Ideas Suggestion Nursing examples Abbasi and Umrani (2018) advocated for gender inclusive Never use a stand-alone quotation: language. They argued, for always integrate the quoted instance, that “typical plural material into your own sentence. pronouns such as ‘they’ can be used as singular and plural pronouns” (p. 7). “Nurses who practice self-care … Use ellipses […] if you need to omit have reduced absenteeism” a word or phrase. This shows your (Abraham & Mark, 2019, p. 24). reader that you have critically and thoroughly evaluated the quotation Liu, Spenelli, and Reyes (2018) and have chosen to include only conducted a “narrative study about the most important and relevant the effects of meditation on clients information. Use [. …] when you with post-traumatic stress. … are removing a section that would meditation decreases feelings of end in a period. emotional distress and flashbacks” (p. 22). Use brackets [ ] if you need to As noted by Madulla (2020), replace a word or phrase or if you “training in ergonomics decrease[s] need to change the verb tense. musculoskeletal injuries” (p. 46). Use [sic] after something in the quotation that is grammatically incorrect or spelled incorrectly. The authors found that “prolonged This shows your reader that the grief can led [sic] to increased mistake is in the original, not your feelings of anxiety” (Pathack, 2020, writing. Italicize sic and place it in p. 98). square brackets immediately after the error. Use double quotation marks [“ ”] One participant remarked “nurses when quoting and use single often told me to ‘breathe slowly quotation marks [‘ ’] when you and deeply’ when my fear became include a quotation within a too much” (Rodriguez & quotation. Balakrishnan, 2019, p. 2). Citing Another Person’s Ideas | 355  Nurse educators consistently When citing an author in encourage students to complete parentheses, you always need to readings ahead of time so that they include the authors’ last names and can focus on skill acquisition in lab. year. However, if you are citing the It has been found that students authors as part of your text (i.e., who completed readings prior to not in parentheses) and within the laboratory practice were better same paragraph, then you prepared to practice nursing skills generally only need to note the (Cranley, 2019). Specifically, Cranley publication year the first time – found that students were able to unless it could be confused with focus on skill application in lab as another citation with similar opposed to reading the content. It names. If you note this author in a was also noted that these students separate paragraph, you should did better in the course overall indicate the year again. (Cranley, 2019). Activities: Check Your Understanding An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2030#h5p-81 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2030#h5p-57 356 | Citing Another Person’s Ideas Attribution statement The section on in-text citations was adapted, with editorial changes, from: Write Here, Right Now by Dr. Paul Chafe, Aaron Tucker with chapters from Dr. Kari Maaren, Dr. Martha Adante, Val Lem, Trina Grover and Kelly Dermody, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download this book for free at: https://pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca/writehere/ The content in the first column of Table 9.2 was adapted and reformulated into a table, with editorial changes, from: Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ Citing Another Person’s Ideas | 357 In-text Citation Types – One or Multiple Authors The way you complete an in-text citation depends on the number of authors included in a citation. Adapted from APA (2020), see these examples: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2032#h5p-91 Activities: Check Your Understanding An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2032#h5p-84 358 | In-text Citation Types – One or Multiple Authors  An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2032#h5p-92 Attribution statement In addition to being updated to the APA (2020) 7th edition, the content was adapted, with editorial changes and some examples deleted or modified, from: Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ In-text Citation Types – One or Multiple Authors | 359 Other In-text Citation Types There are other types of in-text citations that are contingent on the type of author, as noted by APA (2020). An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2034#h5p-93 Activity: Check Your Understanding An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2034#h5p-87 Attribution statement In addition to being updated to the APA (2020) 7th edition, the content was adapted, with editorial changes and some examples deleted or modified, from: 360 | Other In-text Citation Types  Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ Other In-text Citation Types | 361 Creating a Reference Page The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed entries provided at the end of the paper in the reference section (APA, 2020). In-text citations provide basic information—the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary—while the reference section provides more extensive information, which allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired. The information included depends on the type of reference, but as per APA (2020), the elements of a reference entry contains: 1. The name(s) of the author(s) or institution/organization that wrote the source. 2. The date (most references only require the year of publication). 3. The full title. 4. The source information, which varies based on the source, but may include: For books, the book title and name of publisher. For journal articles, the journal title, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears. The journal article DOI (digital object identifier) when it is available, as opposed to the URL (uniform resource locator). A DOI is an identification code provided for some online documents, typically articles in scholarly journals. Like a URL, its purpose is to help readers locate an article. However, a DOI is more stable than a URL, so it makes sense to include it in your reference entry when possible. If the DOI is not available or the article was not obtained from academic research database, then you can include the URL link to the journal’s homepage. To do this, you are expected to do an internet search and find the journal’s homepage. Here is an example of 362 | Creating a Reference Page  a homepage. Do NOT put a period after a DOI or a URL. The formatting of a DOI has changed over the years. Currently, it should be formatted as https://doi.org/xxx Here, the xxx refers to the DOI number that should follow based on the source you used. As per APA (2020), you can make the hyperlink for doi or URL in plain black font that is not underlined or if you press the “enter” key on your keyboard after entering the doi, it will make the hyperlink in a blue font and underlined; either format is acceptable. For sources on the web (such as a government website or the CNO website), the URL where the source is located should be included. Student Tip URL Links Do not include the URL link in which you accessed a journal article through your library’s database. This information is NOT helpful because if a person reading your reference page clicked on the link, they would only be able to access it if they had institutional access to your specific library and were logged in. Thus, you would never include a link like the following: https://journals-scholarsportal- info.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/pdf/03092402/v75i0004/ 711_teopsodasram.xml Only a person with access to this specific university library would be able to access this link. Creating a Reference Page | 363 Tips for formatting your reference page according to APA (2020) include: Begin on a new page and title it, “References” – the first letter is capitalized, and the word is bolded and centred. Doubled spaced. Use a hanging indent of 0.5 inch meaning that a reference’s first line is flush left and subsequent lines of the reference are indented. Include all works cited in your paper and only works cited in your paper. Within a citation, the authors’ names should be listed in the same order that they are presented in the original article. Do NOT change the order of the authors. However, format the list in alphabetical order (based on the first author’s last name of a citation). This means that an article in which the first author’s last name starts with “A” should be higher on the reference page than an article in which the first author’s last name starts with “H.” Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. (however, always capitalize the first letter of each word with a journal name e.g., Journal of Advanced Nursing). The first line of each entry in your reference list should be left justified and remaining lines indented one-half inch from the left margin, which is called hanging indentation. Always include a DOI if it is available. 364 | Creating a Reference Page Attribution statement The introductory paragraphs were adapted, with editorial changes, from: Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ The tips on APA reference style were integrated with our own original content, and adapted from: Write Here, Right Now by Dr. Paul Chafe, Aaron Tucker with chapters from Dr. Kari Maaren, Dr. Martha Adante, Val Lem, Trina Grover and Kelly Dermody, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download this book for free at: https://pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca/writehere/ Creating a Reference Page | 365 Reference Page Examples – Books and Websites As per APA (2020), below are reference page examples for books and websites. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2038#h5p-95 Oftentimes, students wonder about how to cite this open educational resource. What we suggest is, you consider it an online book without a publisher. Therefore, the reference page citation would be as follows: Lapum, J., St-Amant, O., Hughes, M., Tan, A., Bogdan, A., Dimaranan, F., Frantzke, R., & Savicevic, N. (2019). The scholarship of writing in nursing education: 1st Canadian edition (1st ed.). https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/scholarlywriting/ ***NOTE: You will notice that the book title is italicized. “1st Canadian edition” is in the title because it is part of the book title. The edition is again noted in parentheses to follow APA. And last, the weblink is included. There is no publication company associated with this book, so you just leave it blank. And of course, don’t forget to double space the entry and use a hanging indent for the lines following the first line. 366 | Reference Page Examples – Books and Websites Attribution statement In addition to being updated to the APA (2020) 7th edition, the content for this page was adapted, with editorial changes and deletion of some examples, from: Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ Reference Page Examples – Books and Websites | 367 Reference Page Examples – Journal Articles As per APA (2020), with articles in scholarly journals, you include: 1. The author or authors’ names. 2. Publication year. 3. Article title (in sentence case, without quotation marks or italics). 4. Journal title (in title case and in italics). 5. Volume number (in italics) and issue number not italicized (in parentheses). 6. Page number(s) where the article appears. Here are some examples: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca/ scholarlywriting/?p=2040#h5p-94 ***NOTE: Don’t forget to double space the entry and use a hanging indent for the lines following the first line. 368 | Reference Page Examples – Journal Articles Attribution statement In addition to being updated to the APA (2020) 7th edition, the content from this page was adapted, with editorial changes and deletion of some examples, from: Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition by Tara Horkoff, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/ Reference Page Examples – Journal Articles | 369 Sample Reference Page References Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for resea rch. Houghton Mifflin. Canty, L. (2021). The lived experience of severe maternal morbidity among Black women. Nursing Inquiry, 29(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ nin.12466 Lapum, J. (2018). Deepening the mystery of arts-based research in the health sciences. In P. Leavy 370 | Sample Reference Page  (Ed.), Handbook of arts-based research (pp. 526-545). Guilford Press. Racine, L., Ford, H., Johnson, L., & Fowler-Kerry, S. (2021). An integrative review of Indigenous informal caregiving in the context of dementia care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(4), 895-917. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15102 St-Amant, O. (2014). A critical examination of the social organizations within Canadian NGOs in the provision of HIV/AIDS health network in Tanzania. (Publication No. 2092). [Doctoral dissertation, Western University]. Western Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies Electronic Thesis and Sample Reference Page | 371  Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2092/ ***NOTE: the reference list above should be double spaced with a hanging indent of 0.5 inches for each subsequent line of a citation. Student Tip Personal Communication Have you ever wanted to reference something from your instructor’s powerpoint slide or something they said during class or something an expert said at a conference. First, make sure what you want to reference is an original idea from your instructor and not just something from your required readings that they have repeated in class. You always want to go to the primary source if possible, and avoid citing your instructor’s powerpoint slides. If it is something they said, you reference it as a Personal Communication in the text only; this means it does not 372 | Sample Reference Page need to go in your reference list (APA, 2020). You must ask their permission to reference them. Here is an example: L. Santos (personal communication, November 4, 2019) indicated that it is best to use a trauma- informed nursing approach with all clients. Artificial Intelligence In most nursing courses, you will not be permitted to use artificial intelligence (AI). However, in rare cases, you may be permitted to do so. If so, how do you complete an in- text citation and a citation on the reference page? Here is an example: When prompted with “What is scholarly writing?” the ChatGPT-generated text stated that “scholarly writing refers to the style of writing commonly used in academic and research contexts. It is characterized by its formal tone, precise language, and adherence to specific conventions and standards within a particular field of study” (OpenAI, 2024). Reference OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (April 29 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/ Sample Reference Page | 373 Chapter Summary In the final chapter of this book, you have learned about academic integrity and plagiarism. This chapter provided you with skills related to style rules for in-text citations when paraphrasing and quoting. Additionally, you learned about style rules related to the creation of title pages and reference lists. Your Writing Journey Part of your journey is to become familiar with the style rules of academic writing in the nursing field. APA might seem like a nuisance at first, but this style is important to ensure consistency and clarity across writing. Your instructors expect you to know it and adhere to it. Familiarize yourself with academic integrity as these standards are the parameters for plagiarism and self- plagiarism. Developing academic integrity is necessary and you want to acknowledge others’ ideas and voices while finding and articulating your own. 374 | Chapter Summary