NSE 101 Final Exam PDF

NSE 101 Week 1-12 Week 4 9.1 Study Guide: Style Rules (APA 7th Edition) 1. What are Style Rules? ○ Style rules ensure consistency in writing and formatting across different authors and publications. ○ Common style guides include APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard....

NSE 101 Week 1-12 Week 4 9.1 Study Guide: Style Rules (APA 7th Edition) 1. What are Style Rules? ○ Style rules ensure consistency in writing and formatting across different authors and publications. ○ Common style guides include APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard. ○ Follow the style specified by your instructor or assignment guidelines. Consult the latest edition of the style guide for updates. 2. APA (2020) Style: ○ Purpose: Widely used in academic fields, including nursing. ○ APA 7th Edition (2020) includes updates, such as a new student title page and specific formatting rules. 3. APA Title Page (Student Version): ○ Elements: Title: Bold, centered, title case, about 3-4 lines down from the top. Author: Name of author with extra space between title and author. Affiliation: School and institution name. Course Info: Course number, instructor name, and assignment due date (month, day, year). Page Number: On the top right corner. ○ New Rule: No running head for student papers. 4. Formatting Rules: ○ Margins: One-inch on all sides (left justification). ○ Spacing: Double-spaced text throughout. ○ Font: Times New Roman, 12-point font. ○ Page Numbers: On the top right, starting on the title page. ○ Paragraph Indentation: Indent first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inch. ○ Sentence Spacing: One space after each sentence. 5. Headings: ○ Purpose: Organize the paper for clarity. ○ Levels of Heading: Level 1: Centered, bold, title case (used for the paper’s title).  Level 2-5: Variations in alignment (centered, flush left), font style (italicized), and punctuation (period at the end). ○ Note: In short papers, Level 1 headings might be sufficient, and the introduction doesn't require a heading. 6. Additional Notes: ○ Always consult the APA 7th edition manual or the APA website for examples and specific rules. ○ For nursing courses, APA style is often required, so it's helpful to familiarize yourself with the style early on. 9.2 Study Guide: Academic Integrity Study Guide 1. What is Academic Integrity? ○ Academic integrity involves presenting your own original work and properly integrating others' ideas. ○ It requires you to truthfully acknowledge when you use someone else’s work in your writing. 2. Citations: ○ A citation is a reference to someone else's work, indicating that you have researched and incorporated their ideas. ○ Citations help position your ideas within the broader scholarly conversation and show your work is factual and trustworthy. ○ Citations are used when quoting numbers, statistics, or ideas from others to give credit and provide a path for readers to locate the original source. 3. Importance of Citations: ○Citations distinguish your original ideas from those of others. ○Failing to cite sources can lead to plagiarism, which carries serious academic consequences: Reduced grades, zero on assignments, or even failing the course. Potential disciplinary actions that could impact your student record. 4. Consequences of Failing to Cite: ○ Plagiarism devalues your work and makes it unreliable. ○ It damages your credibility and undermines academic trust. ○ Your instructor may ask you to submit your work to Turnitin, which checks for similarities between your paper and other sources. 9.4 Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations Study Notes 1. Paraphrasing What is it? ○ Paraphrasing means restating ideas from a source in your own words. 2. Direct Quotations Block quotes: Quotes longer than 40 words should be formatted as a block quote. Block quote format: Start on a new line, don’t use quotation marks, and indent it by 0.5 inches. Summary of When to Paraphrase vs. When to Quote Paraphrase when: ○ You understand the idea and want to express it in your own voice. ○ You’re summarizing or synthesizing a concept from multiple sources. Quote directly when: ○ The original language is impactful or unique. ○ You need to present someone else’s viewpoint exactly as it was expressed. ○ You want to show authoritative backing for your argument, but only sparingly. 9.5 Study Notes on Citing Another Person’s Ideas Key Points to Remember: 1. Purpose of Citing: ○ To give credit to others’ work. ○ To clarify what is your own idea and what is someone else’s. 2. APA (2020) Author-Date Citation System: ○ Cite sources within the text with the author’s last name and year of publication. ○ Each source cited in-text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. 3. In-Text Citation Types: ○ Parenthetical Citation: Citation in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Example: (Schultz, 2005)  ○ Narrative Citation: The author’s name is part of the sentence with the year in parentheses immediately after. Example: According to Schultz (2005),... 4. Multiple Citations: ○ List sources alphabetically if from different authors. ○ If same author, list citations chronologically. ○ For multiple works by the same author and year, use letter notations (e.g., 2017a, 2017b). 5. Direct Quotations: ○ For short quotations (under 40 words), use quotation marks. ○ For long quotations (over 40 words), format as a block quote (indented 0.5 inches, no quotation marks). Chart for Quick Reference: Citing Another Person’s Ideas (APA, 2020) What You Need to Know Example Basic Citation Format (Author, Year) Narrative Citation (author in According to Author (Year),... sentence) Parenthetical Citation (author in... (Author, Year). parentheses) Multiple Citations in Parentheses (Barjarow, 2017, 2019; Matilada & Barsowitz, 2018) Same Author, Same Year (Lapum, 2017a, 2017b) Direct Quotation (under 40 words) “Quotation” (Author, Year, p. #). Direct Quotation (over 40 words) Block format: Author (Year) “Quotation…” (p. #). Use Ellipses to Omit Words “... nursing students benefit from early reading...” (Author, Year, p. #) Use Brackets to Change Words or “...the study [found] the effects were significant” Tense (Author, Year, p. #). Use [sic] for Errors in Original “...the program led to an increase in [sic] absenteeism” Text (Author, Year, p. #). Quotation within a Quotation “The nurse told me, ‘take deep breaths’” (Author, Year, p. #). Additional Tips: 1. Citing Once Per Paragraph: ○ When citing an author multiple times in a paragraph, cite them once if it’s clear that the rest of the sentences are paraphrased from the same source. 2. Avoid Stand-Alone Quotations: ○ Always integrate quotations into your own sentences for better flow and clarity. 3. Avoid Overuse of Quotations: ○ Use your own words as much as possible. Too many quotes may suggest a lack of original thinking. Key Considerations for Citing: Always integrate quotations into your sentence. Use ellipses (…) to omit unnecessary parts of a quote. Use brackets [ ] to make changes or correct errors. Use [sic] to indicate errors in the original quote. Double quotation marks for regular quotes and single quotation marks for quotes within quotes. 9.6 Study Notes: in text Citing One or Two Authors Key Points to Remember: 1. Single Author Citation: ○ In-Text: Always include the author’s last name and year of publication. ○ Direct Quote: Always include the page number. ○ Example: Chang (2018) emphasized that “engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health” (p. 49). 2. Two Authors Citation: ○ In-Text: Include both authors' last names, separated by an ampersand (&) in parentheses, and “and” when used in the sentence itself. ○ Direct Quote: Always include the page number. ○ Example in Sentence: Chang (2018) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.  ○ Example in Parentheses: It was found that the health risks associated with smoking begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits (Garrison & Gould, 2019). 3. Direct Quote (both authors): ○ When using a direct quote, provide the exact page number. ○ Example: Garrison and Gould (2019) pointed out, “It is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits” (p. 101). Chart for Citing One or Two Authors Important Reminders: Ampersand (&) is used only in parentheses, not in sentences. When citing multiple authors within parentheses, order alphabetically and separate by semicolons. Always provide page numbers when quoting directly. Avoid overuse of direct quotes; try to paraphrase or summarize when possible. 9.6 Study Notes: Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author (APA, 2020) 9.6 Study Notes: Citing Authors with the Same Last Name 9.6 Study Notes: Citing Works with Three or More Authors 9.7 Study Notes: Other In-text Citation Types 9.8 study Guide: Creating a Reference Page The Reference Page in APA style provides the full details of the sources you cited in your paper. It allows your readers to locate and verify the sources you’ve used for your research. Here’s how to structure a reference page based on the type of source: General Structure of a Reference Entry: 1. Author(s) or Organization: ○ Use the author’s last name followed by their initials. If there are multiple authors, use commas to separate names and an ampersand (&) before the last author. ○ For organizations or institutions, use the full name. 2. Date of Publication: ○ Use the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. 3. Title of the Work: ○ The title is italicized for books and journals. For articles, only the journal name is italicized, while the article title is in regular font. ○ Capitalize only the first word of the title and any proper nouns. 4. Source Information (varies by source type): ○ For books, include the publisher. ○ For journal articles, include the journal name, volume number, issue number, page range, and DOI (if available). ○ For web sources, include the URL where the source was located. Basic Reference Examples: Book: Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher. Example: Smith, J. A. (2015). Exploring the effects of climate change on health. Health Press. Journal Article: Format: Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxx (DOI or URL) Example with DOI: Davis, L. P., & Walker, T. K. (2018). Health impacts of urbanization: A global perspective. Global Health Journal, 15(3), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghj.2018.03.003 Example with URL (no DOI): Smith, L. P. (2017). The future of renewable energy. Energy Today, 22(5), 50-60. https://www.energytoday.com Webpage (No Author, No Date): Format: Title of the webpage. (n.d.). Website Name. URL Example: Managing Illness. (n.d.). Health Organization. https://www.healthorganization.com/management DOI and URL Formatting: DOI: Always format a DOI as: https://doi.org/xxx (e.g., https://doi.org/10.1234/abcd5678). URL: Include the full URL of the website or article, without a period at the end. If you can access the URL directly through a journal or website, it’s valid to use that link. Additional Guidelines for the Reference Page: 1. Alphabetical Order: References should be listed alphabetically by the first author’s last name (or by the organization name if no author is listed). 2. Hanging Indentation: Use hanging indentation (the second and subsequent lines of each reference should be indented by 0.5 inches). 3. Multiple Works by Same Author: If citing multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order (oldest first).  4. No Author: For sources with no author, start the citation with the title of the work. 5. Period Placement: Do not place a period after the DOI or URL. Week 6 Therapeutic Communication - Nurses use a wide range of effective communication strategies and interpersonal skills to establish, maintain, re-establish, and terminate the nurse-client relationships. → Introducing self as a nurse → Referring to client → Listening to the client and family → Attending to, and tailoring, communication style → Collaborating and client choice → Recognizing that all behavior has meaning → Refraining from self-disclosure unless it has therapeutic value → Self-reflection CNO Therapeutic Communication Indicators 1. Introduce yourself with your name, designation, and role in the client’s care while addressing the client by their preferred name/title. 2. Allow the client time to express themselves, actively listening to their concerns. 3. Inform the client that their information will be shared with the healthcare team. 4. Be mindful of verbal and non-verbal communication, ensuring it aligns with the client’s perception. 5. Adapt your communication style based on the client’s language, literacy level, or cultural needs. 6. Assess the client’s knowledge, beliefs, and wishes to help them find the best care solution. 7. Respect and consider the client’s preferences while providing information that promotes choice. 8. Listen to, understand, and value the client’s opinions and values. 9. Recognize that all behavior has meaning, seeking to understand unusual behavior, comments, or attitudes. 10. Listen to family or significant others' concerns and act on them appropriately. 11. Avoid self-disclosure unless it meets a therapeutic need for the client. 12. Reflect on interactions, striving to improve communication skills. 13. Discuss plans for ongoing care after the professional relationship ends. CNO Confidentiality and Privacy Indicators 1. Seek information on privacy and confidentiality issues regarding personal health information (PHI). 2. Maintain confidentiality of client PHI among the healthcare team and beyond the  professional relationship. 3. Inform clients or substitute decision-makers about the healthcare team’s access to PHI. 4. Collect only the PHI necessary for providing care. 5. Avoid discussing client information in public or inappropriate settings. 6. Access PHI only for professional purposes and deny access to unauthorized individuals. 7. Safeguard electronic, printed, or stored PHI from theft, loss, or unauthorized access/use. 8. Protect computer passwords and ensure secure email use for transmitting PHI. 9. Obtain explicit consent before keeping PHI in a client’s home. - The Client Interview - Communication with the client to collect subjective data - Primary source → communicating with the client - Secondary source → family, care partners, friends - Care partners → Family and friends who are involved in helping to care for the client Preparing for the Interview - Review client record - Leverage the environment → quiet and welcoming environment → clients physical comfort → inclusive and private space - Privacy and Confidentiality → Clients have the right to have their personal health information kept private (PHIPA, 2004) → Disclosure of personal health information : - Child abuse and neglect - Elder abuse when living in a retirement or a long-term care home in Ontario - Must report to CNO, if you observe or a client discloses a nurse who poses a serious risk of harm to patients. Type of Interviewing Questions → closed-ended questions - Direct questions that you ask when you are seeking precise information → open-ended questions - Questions that invite the client to share descriptive answers, open up about their experience, and answer in a way that is most relevant or comfortable from their perspective. → probing questions - Questions and statements that allow you to gather more subjective data based on a client’s response - Can also be used to summarize and clarify a client’s response or resolve  discrepancies that you identify Communication Strategies → Avoid questions that begin with “why” - Permission statements - One question at a time - Vocal qualities - Work collaboratively with client → Avoid unwanted advice Non-verbal Communication Strategies - Facial expressions, hand gestures, eye contact, body language, positioning, aligning with verbal behaviour, physical touch. - S - sit at an angle to client - U - uncross legs and arms - R - relax - E - eye contact - T - touch - Y - your intuition Developmental Considerations - Chronological age and developmental stage - Young children → 5 years and younger which includes infants (under one year of age), toddlers (1-2 years of age), and preschoolers (3-5 years of age). - Older children and adolescents → Older children 6-12 years of age —> Adolescents 13-17 years of age - Adults and older adults → Adults 18 years of age and older → Older adults 65 years and older Care Partners - Older adults may have care partners due to multiple illnesses or disabilities. - Use inclusive communication: ○ After introductions, clarify the care partner’s role. ○ Treat the client-care partner relationship as a dyad while maintaining client-focused care. ○ Direct questions to the client, even if the care partner assists in answering. Week 7 Inclusive Approach to Communication within Health Assessment - An inclusive health assessment approach : → Treat every health assessment as an act of humanity → Health assessments are not about sameness  → Examine your own personal biases → Cultivate a safe environment of care Theoretical Approaches to Communication and Interviewing - Trauma-informed approach → Assumes trauma and does not require disclosure → Principles : - Safety, choice, control, and empowerment → Tips : - Confidentiality - Identifying interview purpose - Letting the client set the pace - Collaborative intervention - Relational inquiry approach → “The complex interplay of human life, the world, and nursing practice” → Avoid looking at the client on merely an individual level → Elements of communication : - Intrapersonal - Interpersonal - Contextual Four Tenets of Anti-Black Racism (HIEL) 1. History: ○ Racism stems from the transatlantic slave trade, which dehumanized and commodified Black people. ○ Historical roots justify ongoing injustices. 2. Invisibility: ○ Institutionalized racism becomes normalized and difficult to detect. ○ Black humanity is undermined in subtle, pervasive ways. 3. Experience: ○ The trauma and stress of living with invisibility and racism negatively impact Black health and well-being. ○ Broader White society often overlooks these effects. 4. Legacy: ○ Despite policy changes, systemic injustices persist. ○ Patterns of inhumane treatment are recycled without meaningful dismantling. Week 8 The Complete Subjective Health Assessment (the Health History) - Collection of subjective data – Subjective data combined with objective data - Primary source and secondary source - Considerations : → Developmental stage : of person your interviewing is young make sure they understand you  → Care partners :involve them → Influencing factors : Reasons for Conducting a Complete Subjective Health Assessment The primary aim of the nursing process is to: 1. Identify key health and illness concerns. 2. Determine underlying causes or etiology. 3. Collaborate with the client to address and resolve these concerns. 4. Promote overall health. When to Conduct a Complete Subjective Health Assessment A comprehensive assessment is conducted when an in-depth overview of a client’s health is needed. Examples include: Long-term care admission: Performed when a client moves into a long-term care facility, often repeated monthly. Hospital admission: Performed upon admission, with shorter versions completed at the start of each shift. The frequency and comprehensiveness depend on: The client’s needs. The situation. Institutional policies. When to Conduct a Focused Subjective Health Assessment In certain scenarios, a focused assessment is more appropriate. These include: 1. Emergency situations: Focus on vital data to stabilize life-threatening conditions (e.g., airway, breathing, and circulation). Example: A client with "crushing chest pain" would undergo a focused assessment of cardiac and respiratory systems. 2. Continual in-hospital assessments: Conducted multiple times during a shift, focusing on current health issues or following up on previously addressed concerns. 3. Primary care assessments: Address emergent issues (e.g., rash, knee pain, fever). For first-time or complex clients, a complete subjective health assessment may still be required. Clinical Judgment - The NCSBN (2018) describes CJ as “the observed outcome of critical thinking and decision-making. It is an iterative process that uses nursing knowledge to observe and assess presenting situations, identify a prioritized client concern, and generate the best possible evidence-based solutions to deliver safe client care” Categories of the Subjective Health Assessment → Demographic and Biographical Data  - Name/contact information and emergency information - Birth date and age - Gender - Allergies - Languages spoken and preferred language - Relationship status - Occupation/school status - Resuscitation status - Main health needs/reasons for seeking care - Option 1: tell me about what brought you here today - Option 2: tell me about your main health concerns today - Probes: tell me more, how is that affecting you? - Think about if this is normal,abnormal, critical finding - Exploring Symptoms: Use the Mnemonic PQRSTU - P- provocative, palliative - Q- quality, quantity - R- region, radiation - S - severity - T - timing, treatment - U - understanding Week 9 What is Documentation? - The client chart / health record - The nursing process - Information and communication technologies (ICT) → ICT is an umbrella term used to describe the technology-based tools that nurses use in the clinical environment, including the client’s electronic record. Reasons for Documentation - Legal obligation → College of Nurses of Ontario Documentation Practice Standard - Communication, continuity of care, and clinical judgment - Client safety - Quality improvement - Funding - Research - Population and clinical health insights Documentation Components → admission sheet :  - generally includes information about the client including their name, age and date of birth, gender, contact information/address, admission date, reason for admission, and next of kin and/or emergency contacts. - the admission sheet identifies and highlights in red writing any known allergies. It may also include other health issues, list of current medications, personal items like dentures, glasses or assistive devices, a list of client valuables, and advance directives → progress notes or interdisciplinary notes : - free-text entry space that allows for open-ended documentation - These notes will include a record of your assessment and care of the client including the client’s health status and/or responses to interventions → referrals and consultations : - healthcare providers document expertise about a client’s healthcare status/condition and advice related to the plan of care. → Diagnostic, laboratory and therapeutic orders - Healthcare providers provide orders related to diagnostic tests (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray orders), laboratory orders (e.g., blood, urine tests), or therapeutic orders (e.g., medications, diet, mobility orders). → medication administration record : - includes a list of all medications that are ordered for the client: medication name, dose, route, frequency, date the medication was ordered, and the date it will expire. - As the nurse, you must document the date and time, and sign and initial the MAR, when you prepare and provide any medication. - Importantly, certain classes of drugs such as narcotics require special documentation and witnessing protocols because of the potential for illicit use; consult your institutional policies for guidelines related to documenting narcotic dispensing, administration, and disposal. → flow sheet and graphic record : - commonly completed by nurses and include the documentation of physiological data like vital signs, pain, and weight. - These records can also include routine documentation related to hygiene, mobility, nutrition, and the use of restraints → kardex and summary sheet : - These forms summarize important information that should inform your daily care of the client and must be continually updated during each shift. - This kind of form includes information such as : → A stamp on the top with the client’s name, hospital identification number, and date of birth. → Treating physician, client’s age, preferred gender, and diagnoses. → Allergies, resuscitation status, and required safety precautions. → Emergency contact information.  → Medications. → Therapeutic orders (e.g., turning, ambulation, mobility aids, diet, dressing changes). → Tests and procedures. → Hygiene (e.g., if and how often they can have a shower or bed bath). → Dressing and wound care instructions. → nursing care plans - includes nursing diagnoses and a plan of care based on specific goals. → operative procedures - The physician uses this form to document the specific details of a procedure and any complications. → discharge plans/summaries - generally include information about preparation and teaching related to discharge; they should be written in clear and non-medicalized language that the client can understand. → critical incident reports - You may be required to report and submit forms related to specific incidents → workload measurements - They allow organizations and leaders to monitor client care needs and nurse staffing requirements - They are often used for quality improvement, securing funding, and decision-making concerning allocation of nurses. Electronic Documentation Systems - Electronic medical records and electronic health records - Benefits → Real-time data → Seamless care → Interprofessional communication → Analysis - Structured and unstructured data elements Principles of Documentation - What are the indicators for the standard statements of CNO Documentation Practice Standard? → Communication - “Nurses ensure documentation presents an accurate, clear, and comprehensive picture of the client’s needs, the nurse’s interventions and the client’s outcomes → Accountability - “Nurses are accountable for ensuring their documentation of client care is accurate, timely, and complete”  - We are accountable for the documentation of client care and for its accuracy, and timely completion. Any mistakes are your fault and you will be responsible, write clearly, avoid signatures, abbreviations. → Security - Safeguard client health info, maintain confidentiality, act according to policies and procedures that are consistent with the standards - Privacy rights of personal info and persons right to access info - The personal health protection act (PHIPA, 2004) legislates collection, use and disclosure of personal health information by health information custodians (you) Methods of Documentation - Methods of Documentation: - Charting by exception - Charting when finding is not normal - Narrative - Chronological documentation - Nursing process focused on issue/concern/problem - Data action response (DAR) - Assessment plan intervention evaluation (APIE) - Subjective objective assessment plan intervention or evaluation (SOAPIE) How to Document: - You start off with your discipline, date and time (military time) - Starting writing everything the patient has told you clearly but concisely - Any errors made need to be crossed out once and initialed and dated - Make a line at the end if there is space between edge of sheet and where you wrote (shown in example below) - At the end sign your full name and designation Week 12 Types of Communication → verbal - Verbal communication is oral communication that happens through spoken words, sounds, vocal intonation, and pace. - It can occur face-to-face, one-on-one, or in groups, over the telephone, or video conferencing. - As a nurse, you will engage in verbal communication with clients, families, colleagues, and interprofessional teams. → non-verbal - Non-verbal communication is a type of communication that occurs through facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body positions and movements. - As a nurse, you will learn that your non-verbal communication is important because it can both reinforce or contradict what you say verbally. - Additionally,  non-verbal communication is used more often than verbal communication. → written - Written communication is a type of communication that occurs through written words, symbols, pictures, and diagrams. - As a nurse, written communication also involves documentation notes and scholarly writing like essays, peer-reviewed publications, protocols, practice standards, and best practice guidelines. Models of Communication - They simplify the complex process of communication by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter - They define communication - Allow you to see specific concepts and steps - The three models are: - Transmission model - Interaction model - Transaction model 1. Transmission Model Communication is a one-way process where a sender delivers a message to a receiver. The focus is on getting the message across, and the sender is responsible for making it clear. Problems can happen because of noise, like: Environmental noise: loud sounds or distractions. Semantic noise: confusion over unclear words or meanings. 2. Interaction Model Communication is a two-way process where people take turns sending messages and giving feedback. It’s more about the back-and-forth exchange. It considers the surroundings (physical context, like room size or temperature) and feelings (psychological context, like stress or emotions). 3. Transaction Model Communication is ongoing, where both people are senders and receivers at the same time. It helps build relationships, understand cultures, and create shared meaning. Focuses on how people communicate to create their reality, not just talk about it. Takes into account: Social context: rules or norms guiding communication. Cultural context: identity factors like gender, ethnicity, or class. - Processes of encoding and decoding - Encoding: turning thought into communication - Decoding: turning a communication message into thoughts Theoretical Approaches to Communication and Trauma-informed approach Relational Inquiry Approach to Communication - “The complex interplay of human life, the world, and nursing practice” - Means that nurses should avoid looking at patients on a merely individual level - - - Helps you understand client’s situation more fully and focus on what is important to them - It is the lens you use to perceive the world - Involves the following elements of communication: - Intrapersonal: assess what is occurring within all people involved - Interpersonal: asses what is occurring among and between all people involved - Contextual: asses what is occurring around the people and situation Interpersonal Communication It’s about sharing messages between people who affect each other’s lives. Happens between two or more people who depend on each other. It’s interactive, shaped by social norms, and has goals: Instrumental goals: getting something done. Relational goals: building or growing a relationship. Interprofessional Communication This is how healthcare team members talk to each other. It’s key for working together and keeping clients safe. Basic tips: Talk clearly and simply, make eye contact, and listen carefully. Share info on time and speak up if something’s unclear. Show respect and focus on what’s best for the client. Interprofessional Collaboration Team members work together to improve client care and safety. Success depends on clear roles, teamwork, solving conflicts, and good leadership. Barriers to Communication 1. Noisy Environments: Loud sounds, constant movement, and distractions can overwhelm people. 2. Complex Situations: High-stress settings or emergencies make communication harder.  3. Different Styles: Healthcare roles often have their own way of talking, which can clash (e.g., nurses give details, doctors are brief). Common Problems Miscommunication or unclear info. Not sharing concerns or reasons for decisions. Disrespectful tone or unresolved disagreements about care. Conflict Management Tips Be open to other views and explain your own calmly. Reflect on others’ ideas and stay respectful. Keep the client’s needs as the main focus. Use facts and evidence to guide decisions. When You Observe Bullying/Harassment - If another HCP is being harassed, step in and support them - Have a discussion with the bully if you feel safe and comfortable - Avoid confrontational dialogue - Engage in an inquisitive discussion - If harassment continues, report and document the incident to manager and the Human Resources department - If manager is the one harassing, Human Resources department should be your main point of contact Resources to Facilitate Interprofessional Communication SBAR/ISBAR - Common communication tool that can facilitate effective verbal communication when communicating with another healthcare professional about a client or during a handover - Provides framework so communication is focused, concise, and complete - First introduced by the military in the US