Chapter 9 Outline - Articulations PDF

**[CHAPTER NINE]** **Articulations** 1. **Classification of Joints** A. 1. 2. 3. B. 4. a. b. c. 5. d. e. f. g. h. i. **[Non-axial motion]**=linear movements where bones slide (vertebrocostal joints, sacroiliac joint, and intercarpal joints) ii. **[Uniaxial moti...

**[CHAPTER NINE]** **Articulations** 1. **Classification of Joints** A. 1. 2. 3. B. 4. a. b. c. 5. d. e. f. g. h. i. **[Non-axial motion]**=linear movements where bones slide (vertebrocostal joints, sacroiliac joint, and intercarpal joints) ii. **[Uniaxial motion]**=movement in one planes (finger joints, elbow, knee) iii. **[Biaxial motion]**=movement in two planes (metacarpophalangeal joint, occipital condyles to atlas) iv. **[Multi-axial motion]**= movement in three planes (shoulder joint and hip joint) 9.2 **Fibrous joints** i. ii. iii. iv. 3. A. B. 4. A. 1. 2. 3. a. b. c. 4. a. b. 5. a. v. [Intrinsic ligament] = (also called capsular ligaments) are parallel bundles of fibers creating thickenings within the joint capsule. vi. [Extrinsic ligament] = separate from the joint capsule and may pass outside (extracapsular) or inside (intracapsular) the joint capsule. b. c. d. 5. A. B. C. 1. 2. 3. 4. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 6. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 7. **Development of Joints** A. Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. B. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilages, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme. 
 8. **Common Joint Injuries** A. **[Sprain]** = stretching or tearing of a ligament across the joint capsule. B. **[Dislocation]** = also known as a **luxation**; when reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses, the articulating surfaces may be forced out of position. The displacement may damage the articular cartilages, tear ligaments, or distort the joint capsule. Although the inside of a joint has no pain receptors, nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are quite sensitive, so dislocations are very painful. A partial dislocation is called a **subluxation**. C. **[Bursitis]** = inflammation of the bursa D. **[Tendonitis]** = inflammation of the tendon E. **[Synovitis]** =inflammation of the synovial membrane F. **[Osteopenia and osteoporosis]**=inadequate ossification of bone is called **osteopenia** and begins between the ages of 30 and 40 years of age when osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity continues at previous levels. Thereafter, women begin to lose roughly 8% of their bone mass every decade (men lose 3% per decade). When the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function, the condition is known as **osteoporosis**. G. **[Arthritis]** = inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joint where synovial membranes thicken (called **pannus**) and fluid production decreases resulting in friction and pain. **Arthroscopic surgery** may be necessary to treat joint injuries or artificial joints may need to be installed when a joint is damaged beyond repair. 1. **[Osteoarthritis]** = also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, generally affects individuals age 60 or older. It can result from the cumulative effects of wear and tear on the joint surfaces or from genetic factors affecting collagen formation. In the U.S. population, 25% of women and 15% of men over age 60 show signs of this condition. 2. **[Rheumatoid arthritis]** = an autoimmune disease. RA can occur at any age but is more common in middle age and women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. RA usually affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most common affected body parts. The disease often begins slowly with only minor pain but progressively becomes debilitating. 3. **[Gouty arthritis]** = Gout is caused by too much [uric acid](http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/uric-acid) in the [blood](http://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood). Most of the time, having too much uric acid is not harmful. Many people with high levels in their blood never get gout. But when uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in your joints. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe. These attacks can happen over and over unless [gout](http://arthritis.webmd.com/tc/gout-topic-overview) is treated. More common in men. H. **[Bulging and herniated discs]** = compression of the nucleus pulposus which may distort the anulus fibrosus (bulging disc) or protrude through the anulus fibrosus into the vertebral canal (herniated disc).