CHAPTER 7 (2).pdf

CHAPTER 7 SAFETY ON SHIP q Regulations q Fire Class q Firefighting Equipment q Fire Detection q Lives saving & live saving appliances q GMDSS q SART q EPIRB q Pyrotechnics 1  Part 1 Regulations...

CHAPTER 7 SAFETY ON SHIP q Regulations q Fire Class q Firefighting Equipment q Fire Detection q Lives saving & live saving appliances q GMDSS q SART q EPIRB q Pyrotechnics 1  Part 1 Regulations Fire Class Firefighting Equipment Fire Detection 2  2-GENERAL 1.1 GENERAL ØSafety on board ships is important issue. Normally at sea, sometimes very far from any possible assistance, there is nobody who can be called upon for help. ØSafety on a ship is not guaranteed by availability on board of the safety items and systems. ØMost of the accidents are the result of human error. 1.2 REGULATION ØRegulations concerning safety on ships are formulated by an IMO department called the Marine Safety Committee ( MSC ) 3  COMBUSTION PROCESS (Fire Detection) ØThree things are required in proper combination before ignition and combustion can take place-Heat, Oxygen and Fuel. There must be Fuel to burn. There must be Air to supply oxygen. There must be Heat (ignition temperature) to start and continue the combustion process. 4 PORTABLE FIRE ENTINGUISHER Fire extinguishers contain substances which smother or cool fires. They are designed to fight small fires before they become large ones. Some workplaces also have large portable extinguishers which can be transported on vehicles or carts, and are operated by specially-trained personnel. 5 6 WATER EXTINGUISHER Signal Red Best For Fires involving organic solid materials such as wood, cloth, paper, plastics, Coal etc. Danger Do not use on burning fat or oil or on electrical appliances How to Use Point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it moving across the area of the fire. Ensure that all areas of the fire are out. How it Works Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces and thereby reducing the pyrolysis rate of the fuel 7 POWDER EXTINGUISHER Blue Best For Can be used on fires involving organic solids, liquids such as grease, fats, oil, paint, petrol, etc but not on chip or fat pan fires. Can also be used on gas fires. Danger Safe on live electrical equipment, although does not penetrate the spaces in equipment easily and the fire may re-ignite. This type of extinguisher does not cool the fire very well and care should be taken that the fire does not flare up again. Smouldering material in deep seated fires such as upholstery or bedding can cause the fire to start up again. Do not use on domestic chip or fat pan fires.There is danger of inhalation if powder extinguishers are used within buildings. How to Use Point the jet or discharge horn at the base of the flames and, with a rapid sweeping motion, drive the fire towards the far edge until all the flames are out. If the extinguisher has a hand control, wait until the air clears and if you can still see the flames, attack the fire again. How it Works Similarly to almost all extinguishing agents the powders acts as a thermal ballast making the flames too cool for the chemical reactions to continue. Some powders also provide a minor chemical inhibition, although this effect is relatively weak. These powders thus provide rapid knockdown of flame fronts, but may not keep the fire suppressed. 8 CARBON DIOXIDE Black Best For Live electrical equipment, although it allows re-ignition of hot plastics. Now mainly used on large computer servers, although care has to be taken not to asphyxiate people when using the extinguisher in small server rooms. Danger Do not use on chip or fat pan fires, as it carries burning fat out of container. This type of extinguisher does not cool the fire very well and you need to ensure that the fire does not start up again. Fumes from CO2 extinguishers can asphyxiate if used in confined spaces: ventilate the area as soon as the fire has been controlled.Only use CO2 extinguishers with frost-free horns, as the hand holding the horn can otherwise be frozen to the horn, as the gas is getting very cold during the discharge. How to Use The discharge horn should be directed at the base of the flames and the jet kept moving across the area of the fire. How it Works Carbon dioxide extinguisher works by suffocating the fire. Carbon dioxide displaces oxygen in the air. However, once discharged, the CO2 will dissipate quickly and allow access for oxygen again, which can re-ignite the fire. 9 FOAM Cream Best For Fires involving solids and burning liquids, such as paint and petrol but not suitable for chip or fat pan fires. Safe on fires caused by electricity if tested to 35kV (dielectric test) and a 1m safety distance is adhered to. Danger Do not use on chip or fat pan fires. How to Use For fires involving solids, point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it moving across the area of the fire. Ensure that all areas of the fire are out. For fires involving liquids, do not aim the jet straight into the liquid. Where the liquid on fire is in a container, point the jet at the inside edge of the container or on a nearby surface above the burning liquid. Allow the foam to build up and flow across the liquid. How it Works They are mainly water based, with a foaming agent so that the foam can float on top of the burning liquid and break the interaction between the flames and the fuel surface. 10  Water take away the heat. The most versatile, easiest and at sea the cheapest medium available for extinguisher a fire. Ship are provided with fire pumps and a pipeline system. WATER The pipe-line systems must be supplied by two fire pumps, situated in the engine room, each having sufficient capacity and pressure for the whole systems. This pump is to have a sufficient output to supply two hoses In case of a fire while the ship is in port, there has to be the International Shore Connection, a standardized piece of pipe, to which the local fire-brigade can connect their water supply to pressurize the ship’s fire main. DRENCHING Large splashes of corrosive or toxic materials to the face or body should immediately be washed off by profuse amounts of water, continued for at least 15 minutes so as to both cool and dilute. This can be supplied by a safety drench shower which may have been fitted close to the vulnerable workplace as a result of the risk assessment. Emergency showers can also be used effectively in extinguishing clothing fires or for flushing contaminants off clothing. 12  FOAM Water can be mixed with chemicals, so that when let through a pipe where it can be mixed with air, foam is developed. There are three systems: High-expansion foam Pre-Mix ordinary foam – with water via a por Foam made in a proportionator The foam-forming chemical is normally ox-blood or an artificial equivalent. Low and high expansion can be used in spaces like engine rooms, its can fill the whole space, through a system of nozzles, strategically placed, without doing much harm to the equipment. Ordinary foam or pre-mix with water via a proportionator, which is a venture tube where in the narrow part of the tube the foam liquid is injected, is used on tankers, to lay a blanket over the deck, like on airfields on a runway. Foam in small quantities can be used via Foam Applications, usually two units in the engine room. 1 3  SPRINKLER Sprinklers are the equivalent to having a firefighter ready and waiting in every room of your home/business. Protect those people who are in the room of origin of the fire (whereas conventional fire protection tends to focus on enabling persons elsewhere in the building to escape) Deal with fires when they are small and more easily controllable Limit the production of smoke and fumes Drastically reduces the damage caused by a fire and therefore minimizes the disruption and time taken to achieve business continuity and may negate the need for re-housing Save lives. 1 4 FIXED GAS SYSTEMS Fixed fire extinguishing/suppression systems are commonly used to protect areas containing valuable or critical equipment such as data processing rooms, telecommunication switches, and process control rooms. Their main function is to quickly extinguish a developing fire and alert occupants before extensive damage occurs by filling the protected area with a gas or chemical extinguishing agent. 15  Part 2 Life-saving and Life saving appliances 16 3 – CHAPTER III OF SOLAS ON LIFE- SAVING AND LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES Life Jacket MO / Rescue SOLAS ON LIFE- Life Buoys Boat SAVING & LIFE- SAVING APPLIANCES Immersion Life Rafts Suits 17  LIFE JACKETS CHARACTERISTIC Ø Be worn life jackets floating in the sea so that passengers in the event of an emergency Ø Brightly colored Ø Equipped with wisel associated with rope Ø Storage area in cabin, engine room, on the bridge and forecastle space Ø Inflatable life jackets need to have two air chambers 18 LIFE BOATS CHARACTERISTIC Ø A small boat which was on either side of the ship, or rather on top of the lifeboat deck Ø Made of by metal, wood, or fiber Ø Has life safety equipment such as food, medicine and others Ø Features oil dampers waves Ø Capacity of the lifeboats depend on the number of people carried on board 19 LIFE BUOYS CHARACTERISTIC ØShaped like a car tire ØWill be thrown into the sea if there is a passenger who fell into the sea ØDone rather than cork solid and resistant to oil ØBrightly colored 20  MOB / RESCUE BOAT CHARACTERISTIC ØUse to rescue people ØSpecial suits for 3 crew members ØHas special crane use to bring boat back after used ØThe crane is Boat Davit 21 LIFE RAFTS CHARACTERISTIC Ø Two types of rigid rafts and rafts were awakened Ø Life raft must be equipped with the appropriate cover Ø Life raft used if it fails to lower the lifeboats Ø Color raft usually easily seen, such as orange (orange) Ø Has the completeness of the safety of life 22 IMMERSION SUITS CHARACTERISTIC ØWhen at cold water body easily get cold ØHypothermia is the most dangerous threat to people in life boats ØImmersion suits use to survive and keep body temperature as usual ØHas to be worn together with life jacket 23 4 - PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Courses Tests and Drills Personal safety gear Tankers Markings 24  For all ship crew, they needs to have education before signing on board. Certificate based on: Ø1.proper education such as diplomas Ø2.sufficient sea service Ø3.a number of certificates obtained after fulfilling certain safety courses Courses 25  Tests and Drills ØTo respond fast and efficiently in case of an accident, people need to be trained. Exercise How many times ØRegular drills, fire drills, abandon-ship drills have to Abandon ship Monthly be carried out and are compulsory. Fire-fighting Monthly ØThe drills are to be entered Man over board Monthly in the ship’s logbook. Emergency steering Once every three months TYPES OF TESTS AND DRILLS Personal Safety Gear During normal daily work, personal safety have to be taken. Such as: i. Safety helmet ii. Ear-protection iii. Eye-protection iv. Gloves v. Safety-shoes vi. Coveralls vii. Lifebelts 28 Personal Safety For Normal Work 2 9 FOR CHEMICAL SAFETY  For tankers there are special safety measures like additional fire-systems such as: 1. foam to cover the deck 2. alarm for full tank or risk of overfill arrows of direction Tankers 3. pipe with code and arrow indicating the direction of the liquid flows 31 32  Markings ØMany items on board ships are identified by markings often stickers ØEscape routes are pointed out by sticker ØAll safety gear wherever stored has to be indicated by a sticker ØNear life raft instructions on how to use the life rafts are to be display ØMarking should make something clear in a simple and fast way ØThere are also clour code for pipes in the ship 3 3 Safety Marking On Board Ship  GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS AND SAFETY SYSTEM GMDSS EPIRB SART PYROTECHNICS 35 GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System) The GMDSS is an internationally recognized set of regulations and communication equipment designed to enhance the safety and efficiency of communication at sea. It ensures that distress alerts, maritime safety information, and general communication can be transmitted and received by ships, coastal stations, and aircraft in a coordinated manner. The GMDSS includes various equipment such as radios, satellite systems, and other communication devices, and it provides multiple means of communication, including voice, telex, fax, and data. 36  Key components of the GMDSS: Radios: Ø VHF (Very High Frequency) radio Ø MF/HF (Medium Frequency/High Frequency) radio Ø Inmarsat satellite systems: Provide global coverage and enable communication via satellite. Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs) Navtex (Navigational Telex) Maritime Safety Information (MSI) 37 38  SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) ØA search and rescue transponder (SART) is a self- contained, waterproof transponder intended for emergency use at sea. These devices may be either a radar-SART, or a GPS-based AIS-SART (automatic identification system SART). Ø The SART has a range of approximately 30 miles. 39 The distinctive "distress" pattern formed by the SART appearing on the X-band radar display. The pattern formed by the SART on the X-band radar display depends on the distance between the SART (position B) and the vessel/helicopter/plane (position A). When the vessel/helicopter/plane is still more than 1 NM away of the SART a line of 12 equally spaced dots appears. As the vessel/helicopter/plane approaches to within 1 NM of the SART dots start to change to arcs. 40  ØAn Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon or EPIRB is used to alert search and (EPIRB) rescue services in the event of an emergency. It does this by transmitting a coded message Emergency Position Indicating on the 406 MHz distress frequency via Radio Beacon satellite and earth stations to the nearest rescue co-ordination centre. Ø Some EPIRBs also have built-in GPS which enables the rescue services to accurately locate you to +/- 50 meters Ø EPIRBs are generally installed on boats and can either be operated automatically after an incident or manually. In most countries they are mandated to be used in all commercial shipping. However, they are also used on yachts and leisure boats. 41 42 43  Red Parachute Signals – they are rockets, which can be fired out of hand and can be seen from a great distance. Hand flares – These are very bright burning torches, which are to be held in then hand. Used to draw attention or to let know the own location. PYROTECHNICS Smoke signals - They remain a float and produce a thick orange smoke, clearly visible from airplanes. Line throwing apparatus - These are rockets, which when fired by a gun, draw a long thin line behind them. The purpose is to shoot a line to another ship, as a first step to establish for instance a towing connection. 44 THE END THANK YOU 45