Chapter 6: The Importance, Nature, and Management of New Products PDF

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BountifulWormhole

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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

Dr. Shodhri Kashif Mahmoud

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new product development product management business development business

Summary

This document describes the process of new product development (NPD). It includes stages like idea generation, concept development, testing, business analysis, and commercialization. The document also discusses the different models used to guide new product success.

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‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ ﻟﻮﺻﻒﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ (NPD‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻕﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Booz‬ﻭ‪ Allen‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺪﻡﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺪﻡﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ "ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ"‪.‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻋﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎً ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎً ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺳﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪.‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻟﻤﻼءﻣﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻗﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ "ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺎً"‪.‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮﻳﺸﻤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻓﻖ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎً‪.‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ً،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪﺗﻢ "ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ" ﺃﻭ "ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ًﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫‪.4‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪.4‬ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﺭﺩﻱء‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖﺧﺎﻃﺊ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺂﺯﺭ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺩﺕﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﻮﻛﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ (2001‬ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺛﻬﻢ‪:‬‬

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