CHAPTER 6 Classical Conditioning PDF

10/29/2024 CHAPTER 6 Classical Conditioning – Definitions ✥ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = e. g. Meat - a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ✥Unconditioned Response (UCR) = Salivation -...

10/29/2024 CHAPTER 6 Classical Conditioning – Definitions ✥ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = e. g. Meat - a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ✥Unconditioned Response (UCR) = Salivation - an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning 1 Classical Conditioning - Definitions ✥Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = e. g. Tone - a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, elicits a conditioned response ✥Conditioned Response (CR) = Salivation - a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning 2 Classical Conditioning and Phobias ❶ UCS : dog bites you ❷ UCR : fear ❸ CS : ❹ CR : ❺ Solution: 3 1  10/29/2024 Classical Conditioning: Terminology ✥ Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space ✥ 3 types of Classical Conditioning – Simultaneous conditioning – Short-delayed conditioning – Trace conditioning 4 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥Acquisition - the initial stage of learning something ✥Extinction - gradual weakening and disappearance of a CR ✥Spontaneous Recovery - re-appearance of a CR in the absence of the CS 5 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥ Stimulus Generalization - a CR generalizes from the original CS to like objects 6 2  10/29/2024 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥Stimulus Discrimination - respond only to the CS not to “like” objects eg: CS1 = 700 Hertz CS2 = 3500 Hertz UCS = Shock - CS1 - CS2 7 Higher-Order Conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (not conditioned) becomes conditioned after repeated pairings with another CS (however, the initial UCS must be biologically significant) e.g. UCS UCR (chemotherapy) (nausea) NS UCS UCR (treatment room) (chemo) (nausea) CS CR (treatment room) (nausea) 8 Operant Conditioning - a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences Instrumental Learning Edward Thorndike ▪ Puzzle Box 9 3  10/29/2024 Operant Conditioning Edward L. Thorndike (1913) The Law of Effect: if a response to a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened 10 Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1953): the strengthening of responses which affect (operate on) the environment – principle of reinforcement Shaping (reinforcing successive approximations) 11 Types of Consequences Positive Reinforcement - presentation of stimulus tends to increase the behavior that it follows Negative Reinforcement removal of stimulus tends to increase the behavior that it follows: Punishment behavior is followed by a aversive stimuli OR the removal of pleasant stimuli thereby decreasing the behavior that it follows 12 4  10/29/2024 Operant Conditioning ✥Continuous reinforcement - every instance of response is reinforced ✥Intermittent Reinforcement - response reinforced some of the time 13 Schedules of Reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement – Ratio schedules Fixed Variable – Interval schedules Fixed Variable 14 Fixed Reinforcement Schedules Fixed Ratio (FR) - reinforcer delivered after a fixed number of responses - rapid responding, short pause, easier to extinguish Fixed Interval (FI) - reinforcer delivered after a fixed period of time - response = pause then gradual responding and finally rapid responding, easier to extinguish 15 5  10/29/2024 Variable Reinforcement Schedules Variable Ratio (VR) - reinforcer delivered after a variable number of responses - rapid responding, no pauses, harder to extinguish Variable Interval (VI) - reinforcer delivered after a variable period of time - steady responding, no pauses, harder to extinguish 16 Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Instinctive Drift - innate response tendencies interfere with conditionoing e.g. Brelands’ work with “miserly racoons” – rubbed coins together (food washing behavior) rather than receive the reinforcer Conditioned Taste Aversion - taste associated with nausea; readily acquired after only one trial; “Sauce Bernaise Syndrome”: Seligman became sick after eating bernaise sauce and thereafter couldn’t even tolerate the smell of the sauce 17 Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Preparedness and Phobias - biologically prepared to learn certain associations e.g. snakes: possibly venom poisoning therefore may develop fear of snakes 18 6  10/29/2024 Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Cognitive Influences on Conditioning Tolman – Cognitive Maps pp. 234-236 Signal relations - some environmental stimuli are more dependable (predictable) ‘signals’ than others Response-outcome relations - must think that the response caused the outcome (the consequence), i.e., reason out what led to the reinforcement Evolutionary Perspectives on learning - mechanisms are not universal across species – different organisms have a different set of problems 19 Observational Learning: Basic Processes Albert Bandura (1977, 1986): outlined theory of observational learning, both classical and operant Observational learning: vicarious conditioning by watching another organism (a model) be conditioned. Vicarious conditioning 4 key processes – attention; retention; reproduction; motivation pp. 237-238 Acquisition, having the response in your repertoire versus performance, actually engaging in the behavior. Bandura asserts that reinforcement usually influences already acquired responses, more than the acquisition of new responses 20 Observational learning and the media violence controversy - see pp. 238-240 Observational learning and the brain: Mirror neurons ❑ Mirror neurons: neurons which are activated by performing an action or by seeing another animal or person perform the same action - therefore, neurons that internally represent an action - fMRIs have found mirror neuron circuits in the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe - some of the latest findings relate mirror neurons to some symptoms of autism; the understanding of facial expression; emotional recognition; empathy; language learning 21 7