Classical Conditioning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a stimulus that elicits a response without prior conditioning?

  • Conditioned Response
  • Unconditioned Response
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (correct)
  • Conditioned Stimulus

Which process in classical conditioning describes the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?

  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Extinction (correct)
  • Acquisition
  • Spontaneous Recovery

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the conditioned stimulus?

  • To create fear in the subject
  • To produce a learned reaction after conditioning (correct)
  • To elicit an unlearned response
  • To signal the beginning of extinction

What is meant by 'stimulus generalization' in classical conditioning?

<p>Giving a conditioned response to similar stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of classical conditioning?

<p>Operant conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'spontaneous recovery' in the context of classical conditioning?

<p>The resurgence of a conditioned response after a period of extinction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In higher-order conditioning, what must the initial unconditioned stimulus be?

<p>Biologically significant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'stimulus discrimination' enable an organism to do?

<p>Respond only to the conditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when an animal associates a specific taste with nausea after only one trial?

<p>Conditioned taste aversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that leads to the development of phobias according to the biological preparedness theory?

<p>Inherited tendencies to associate certain stimuli with fear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts describes the importance of an organism believing their response led to an outcome?

<p>Response-outcome relations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning, which of the following is NOT one of the four key processes involved?

<p>Intrinsic motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates Breland's finding regarding 'miserly raccoons'?

<p>Raccoons prefer coins over food in a conditioning trial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning does the concept of 'cognitive maps' primarily address?

<p>The understanding of spatial relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do evolutionary perspectives on learning suggest organisms differ in learning mechanisms?

<p>Different species face unique problems, leading to various learning mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would exemplify 'vicarious conditioning' in the context of observational learning?

<p>Learning to avoid a behavior by observing the consequences for another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state about responses to stimuli?

<p>Responses to stimuli are strengthened if they lead to satisfying effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by a reinforcer being delivered after a fixed number of responses?

<p>Fixed Ratio Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

<p>To increase the behavior that it follows by removing an aversive stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what best describes the process of shaping?

<p>The gradual reinforcement of successive approximations toward a desired behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule is known for resulting in steady responding without pauses?

<p>Variable Ratio Schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>To decrease the behavior that it follows. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?

<p>Continuous reinforcement occurs when every instance of a response is reinforced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about variable schedules of reinforcement is true?

<p>Variable Interval Schedules deliver reinforcement unpredictably over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does instinctive drift refer to in the context of conditioning?

<p>The interference of innate response tendencies with conditioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will occur with the use of a Fixed Interval Schedule?

<p>Initially, responses will pause and then increase in activity as the time approaches for reinforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus Contiguity

The stimuli occurring close together in time and space.

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Classical Conditioning Acquisition

The initial stage of learning, where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually leading to a conditioned response.

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Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for a conditioned response to occur in reaction to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar, but distinct, stimuli.

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Misery raccoons

Raccoons that exhibit a conditioned response by rubbing coins against each other rather than receiving a food reward.

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Conditioned Taste Aversion

A strong aversion to a specific taste associated with a previous instance of nausea.

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Biological Constraints on Conditioning

Limitations on learning caused by an organism's evolutionary history and predisposition.

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Preparedness

An evolutionary predisposition to learn some associations more easily than others.

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Cognitive Influences on Conditioning

The role of mental processes in learning, like understanding signals and consequences.

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Cognitive Maps

Mental representations of the environment, enabling organisms to navigate.

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Observational Learning

Learning by watching and imitating others.

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Vicarious Conditioning

Observational learning in which a learner observes the consequences of a model's behavior to guide their own actions.

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Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, triggering a similar response.

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UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

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UCR (Unconditioned Response)

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

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NS (Neutral Stimulus)

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.

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CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an UCS, triggers a conditioned response.

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CR (Conditioned Response)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now a CS).

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.

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Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are strengthened, and those leading to unsatisfying consequences are weakened.

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Positive Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus.

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Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

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Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

  • Definitions

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): e.g., meat; a stimulus triggering an unconditioned response without prior conditioning.
    • Unconditioned Response (UCR): Salivation; an unlearned reaction to a UCS without prior conditioning.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): e.g., tone; a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, elicits a conditioned response.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): Salivation; a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.

  • Ivan Pavlov: Nobel Prize in 1904; studied digestion; observed classical conditioning.

  • Classical Conditioning and Phobias

    • UCS: Dog bites you
    • UCR: Fear
    • CS: All dogs
    • CR: Fear of all dogs
    • Solution: Repeated pairings of CS in favorable circumstances.

Classical Conditioning - Terminology

  • Stimulus contiguity: Occurring together in time and space.
  • Types of Classical Conditioning: Simultaneous, short-delayed, and trace conditioning.
    • NS (neutral stimulus) and UCS begin and end together.
    • NS begins just before the UCS; end together.
    • NS begins and ends before the UCS is presented.

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning

  • Acquisition: Initial learning stage; happens quickly with novel, intense, or unusual stimuli.
  • Extinction: Gradual weakening and disappearance of a CR in the absence of the UCS.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a CR in the absence of the CS; fear may return.

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning - Stimulus Generalization

  • CR generalizes from the original CS to like objects.
    • Example: 700 Hz paired with shock; 3500 Hz not paired with shock; conditioned response (CR) increases after 700 Hz, decreases after 3500 Hz

Higher-Order Conditioning

  • Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned after repeated pairings with another CS.
  • Example: Chemotherapy nausea (UCS), Treatment Room (NS), becomes Treatment Room (CS).

Operant Conditioning

  • A form of learning where responses are controlled by their consequences.
  • Instrumental Learning (Thorndike's Law of Effect)
    • If a response is followed by a satisfying effect, the association is strengthened.
  • Example: Puzzle Box
    • Animal (cat) learns to perform specific actions to escape and receive a reward.

Operant Conditioning - Skinner

  • Reinforcement strengthens responses affecting the environment.
  • Shaping: Gradually reinforces successive approximations of the desired response.
  • Punishment: Decreases behavior.

Types of Consequences

  • Positive Reinforcement: Presenting a stimulus to increase desired behavior.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase desired behavior.
  • Punishment: Presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.

Operant Conditioning - Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing every response.
  • Intermittent Reinforcement: Reinforce some responses, but not all.
    • Ratio schedules: Based on number of responses.
    • Interval schedules: Based on time.
      • Fixed Ratio (FR): Fixed number of responses.
      • Variable Ratio (VR): Variable number of responses.
      • Fixed Interval (FI): Fixed amount of time.
      • Variable Interval (VI): Variable amount of time.

Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning

  • Biological Constraints on Conditioning
    • Instinctive Drift: Innate tendencies interfere with conditioning.
    • Conditioned Taste Aversion: Acquired after one pairing of a novel taste with nausea.
    • Preparedness: Biologically prepared associations, like fear of snakes.
  • Garcia and Koelling: paired taste with nausea. Associated taste with shock (not constant relationship).

Observational Learning

  • Albert Bandura: Outlined observational learning (vicarious conditioning).
    • Attention: Observe the model.
    • Retention: Remember the behavior.
    • Reproduction: Ability to reproduce the behavior.
    • Motivation: Desire to perform the behavior because of reinforcement.
  • Mirror Neurons: Activated by performing or observing an action.
  • Observational Learning & Media Violence: controversy.

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CHAPTER 6 Classical Conditioning PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of classical conditioning concepts, including definitions of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses. Explore the historical context of Ivan Pavlov's research and its implications for understanding phobias and behaviors.

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