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Questions and Answers
What is the term for a stimulus that elicits a response without prior conditioning?
What is the term for a stimulus that elicits a response without prior conditioning?
Which process in classical conditioning describes the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
Which process in classical conditioning describes the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the conditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the conditioned stimulus?
What is meant by 'stimulus generalization' in classical conditioning?
What is meant by 'stimulus generalization' in classical conditioning?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of classical conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT a type of classical conditioning?
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What is 'spontaneous recovery' in the context of classical conditioning?
What is 'spontaneous recovery' in the context of classical conditioning?
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In higher-order conditioning, what must the initial unconditioned stimulus be?
In higher-order conditioning, what must the initial unconditioned stimulus be?
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What does 'stimulus discrimination' enable an organism to do?
What does 'stimulus discrimination' enable an organism to do?
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What phenomenon occurs when an animal associates a specific taste with nausea after only one trial?
What phenomenon occurs when an animal associates a specific taste with nausea after only one trial?
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What is the primary factor that leads to the development of phobias according to the biological preparedness theory?
What is the primary factor that leads to the development of phobias according to the biological preparedness theory?
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Which of the following concepts describes the importance of an organism believing their response led to an outcome?
Which of the following concepts describes the importance of an organism believing their response led to an outcome?
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In Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning, which of the following is NOT one of the four key processes involved?
In Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning, which of the following is NOT one of the four key processes involved?
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Which example illustrates Breland's finding regarding 'miserly raccoons'?
Which example illustrates Breland's finding regarding 'miserly raccoons'?
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What aspect of learning does the concept of 'cognitive maps' primarily address?
What aspect of learning does the concept of 'cognitive maps' primarily address?
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How do evolutionary perspectives on learning suggest organisms differ in learning mechanisms?
How do evolutionary perspectives on learning suggest organisms differ in learning mechanisms?
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What would exemplify 'vicarious conditioning' in the context of observational learning?
What would exemplify 'vicarious conditioning' in the context of observational learning?
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What does the Law of Effect state about responses to stimuli?
What does the Law of Effect state about responses to stimuli?
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Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by a reinforcer being delivered after a fixed number of responses?
Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by a reinforcer being delivered after a fixed number of responses?
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What is the primary effect of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
What is the primary effect of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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In operant conditioning, what best describes the process of shaping?
In operant conditioning, what best describes the process of shaping?
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Which reinforcement schedule is known for resulting in steady responding without pauses?
Which reinforcement schedule is known for resulting in steady responding without pauses?
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What is the primary outcome of punishment in operant conditioning?
What is the primary outcome of punishment in operant conditioning?
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What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
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Which of the following statements about variable schedules of reinforcement is true?
Which of the following statements about variable schedules of reinforcement is true?
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What does instinctive drift refer to in the context of conditioning?
What does instinctive drift refer to in the context of conditioning?
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What will occur with the use of a Fixed Interval Schedule?
What will occur with the use of a Fixed Interval Schedule?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
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Definitions
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): e.g., meat; a stimulus triggering an unconditioned response without prior conditioning.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): Salivation; an unlearned reaction to a UCS without prior conditioning.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): e.g., tone; a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, elicits a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Salivation; a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
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Ivan Pavlov: Nobel Prize in 1904; studied digestion; observed classical conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning and Phobias
- UCS: Dog bites you
- UCR: Fear
- CS: All dogs
- CR: Fear of all dogs
- Solution: Repeated pairings of CS in favorable circumstances.
Classical Conditioning - Terminology
- Stimulus contiguity: Occurring together in time and space.
- Types of Classical Conditioning: Simultaneous, short-delayed, and trace conditioning.
- NS (neutral stimulus) and UCS begin and end together.
- NS begins just before the UCS; end together.
- NS begins and ends before the UCS is presented.
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: Initial learning stage; happens quickly with novel, intense, or unusual stimuli.
- Extinction: Gradual weakening and disappearance of a CR in the absence of the UCS.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a CR in the absence of the CS; fear may return.
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning - Stimulus Generalization
- CR generalizes from the original CS to like objects.
- Example: 700 Hz paired with shock; 3500 Hz not paired with shock; conditioned response (CR) increases after 700 Hz, decreases after 3500 Hz
Higher-Order Conditioning
- Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned after repeated pairings with another CS.
- Example: Chemotherapy nausea (UCS), Treatment Room (NS), becomes Treatment Room (CS).
Operant Conditioning
- A form of learning where responses are controlled by their consequences.
- Instrumental Learning (Thorndike's Law of Effect)
- If a response is followed by a satisfying effect, the association is strengthened.
- Example: Puzzle Box
- Animal (cat) learns to perform specific actions to escape and receive a reward.
Operant Conditioning - Skinner
- Reinforcement strengthens responses affecting the environment.
- Shaping: Gradually reinforces successive approximations of the desired response.
- Punishment: Decreases behavior.
Types of Consequences
- Positive Reinforcement: Presenting a stimulus to increase desired behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase desired behavior.
- Punishment: Presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
Operant Conditioning - Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing every response.
- Intermittent Reinforcement: Reinforce some responses, but not all.
- Ratio schedules: Based on number of responses.
- Interval schedules: Based on time.
- Fixed Ratio (FR): Fixed number of responses.
- Variable Ratio (VR): Variable number of responses.
- Fixed Interval (FI): Fixed amount of time.
- Variable Interval (VI): Variable amount of time.
Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning
- Biological Constraints on Conditioning
- Instinctive Drift: Innate tendencies interfere with conditioning.
- Conditioned Taste Aversion: Acquired after one pairing of a novel taste with nausea.
- Preparedness: Biologically prepared associations, like fear of snakes.
- Garcia and Koelling: paired taste with nausea. Associated taste with shock (not constant relationship).
Observational Learning
- Albert Bandura: Outlined observational learning (vicarious conditioning).
- Attention: Observe the model.
- Retention: Remember the behavior.
- Reproduction: Ability to reproduce the behavior.
- Motivation: Desire to perform the behavior because of reinforcement.
- Mirror Neurons: Activated by performing or observing an action.
- Observational Learning & Media Violence: controversy.
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Description
Test your knowledge of classical conditioning concepts, including definitions of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses. Explore the historical context of Ivan Pavlov's research and its implications for understanding phobias and behaviors.
