Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Past Paper Chapter 6 PDF

Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Chapter 6: Automated and Emerging Technologies 6.1 Automated systems 6.2 Robotics 6.3 Artificial intelligence 1 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 04...

Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Chapter 6: Automated and Emerging Technologies 6.1 Automated systems 6.2 Robotics 6.3 Artificial intelligence 1 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Learning Objectives: 2 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Learning Objectives: 3 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Learning Objectives: 4 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Resources: https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/subjects/general/products/14-16/cambridge-igcse-and- o-level-computer-science-secon Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI49uFm5HRE 7 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_KoRp8SnoE 8 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors 9 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors 10 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors 11 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors for Security Light 12 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors for Burglar Alarms 13 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors Central Heating 14 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors Central Heating 15 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors Central Heating In this example, a gas supply is used to heat water using a heater. A valve on the gas supply is controlled by a microprocessor and is opened if the heating levels need to be increased. A water pump is used to pump hot water around the central heating system whenever the temperature drops below a pre-set value: 16 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors Greenhouse 17 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors Greenhouse 18 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors A sensor is a hardware device that will take measurement of physical properties like temperature, pressure or acidity. The data that is taken in / measured by a sensor is usually in analogue form. computers cannot make any sense of these physical quantities and the data needs to be converted into a digital format. This is usually achieved by an ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC). This device converts physical values into discrete digital values. When the computer is used to control devices, such as a motor or a valve, it is necessary to use a DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTER (DAC) since these devices need analogue data to operate There are many different sensors available each designed to measure different physical properties. Some of these sensors are included in the table below: 19 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Sensors 20 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors 21 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Sensors Sensors are used in both monitoring and control applications. There is a subtle difference between how these two methods work (the flowchart is a simplification of the process): Monitoring and control systems using sensors: 22 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware Monitoring Applications: Monitoring systems do not make any changes to the process, instead it simply reports the information / values to the user e.g. a life support system in a hospital will sound an alarm if the patient's heart stops...it will not take action to re start the heart, it only informs doctors that they need to take action. Examples Burglar alarm system Monitoring a patients vitals in intensive care Checking for intruders in an alarm system Monitoring pollution levels 23 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: Monitoring Applications: Let's look at burglar alarm monitoring system will carry out the following actions: The system is activated by keying in a password on a keypad. The infra-red sensor picks up the movement of an intruder in the building. The acoustic sensor picks up sounds such as footsteps or breaking glass. The pressure sensor picks up the weight of an intruder coming through a door or through a window. The sensor data is passed through an ADC if it is in an analogue form to produce digital data. The computer/microprocessor will sample the digital data coming from these sensors at a given frequency (e.g. every five seconds); the data is compared with the stored values by the computer/microprocessor. If any of the incoming data values are outside the acceptable range, then the computer sends a signal to: a siren to sound the alarm, or a light to start flashing. A DAC is used if the devices need analogue values to operate them. The alarm continues to sound/lights continue to flash until the system is reset with a password. 24 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware : Control Applications: Control systems can take control and alter how a process is altering e.g. turning up fans on an air-conditioning machine because the temperature has become too high. Examples: Air conditioning / heating systems Traffic light control Automatically turning street lights on and off at night 25 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware; Control Applications: Let's look at Control of street lighting: This next sequence shows how a microprocessor is used to control the operation of a street lamp. The lamp is fitted with a light sensor which constantly sends data to the microprocessor. The data value from the sensor changes according to whether it is sunny, cloudy, raining or it is night time etc. The light sensor sends data to the ADC interface. This digitises the data and sends it to the microprocessor. The microprocessor samples the data every minute (or at some other frequency rate). If the data from the sensor < value stored in memory: a signal is sent from the microprocessor to the street lamp and the lamp is switched on. The lamp stays switched on for 30 minutes before the sensor readings are sampled again (this prevents the lamp flickering off and on during brief heavy cloud cover, for example). If the data from the sensor >= value stored in memory: a signal is sent from the microprocessor to the street lamp and the lamp is switched off. The lamp stays switched off for 30 minutes before sensor readings are sampled again (this prevents the lamp flickering off and on during heavy cloud 26 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Recap of Chapter 3 Hardware: CONTROL / MONITORING SYSTEM 27 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Learning Objectives: 28 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krIeObyk8ac 29 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems What Automation? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xowQkxFXTNg 30 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems What is Process Automation? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEhuxYXPTOE 31 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems An automated system is a combination of software and hardware (for example, sensors, microprocessors and actuators) that is designed and programmed to work automatically without the need of any human intervention. However, such systems often involve human monitoring. » Sensors are input devices that take readings from their surroundings and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-digital converter (ADC). » The microprocessor will process the data and take the necessary action based on programming. » This will involve some form of output, usually involving signals sent to actuators to control motors, wheels, solenoids, and so on. 32 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems 33 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems 34 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems 35 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems 36 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems 37 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmdXZMO_lx0 38 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 39 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 40 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 41 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 42 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 43 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 44 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtDqaoCaUVk 45 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 46 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 47 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 48 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 49 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 50 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 51 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 52 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 53 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 54 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 55 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 56 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 57 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 58 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 59 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 60 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 61 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 62 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 63 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Sensors 64 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B-TUjl3mA0 65 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Automation is a set of tools, such as software and computer programs, that are designed to perform repetitive tasks. Automation is a process of doing something through the use of machines rather than humans. There are many places that automation can help businesses, such as in manufacturing. However, automation can also save time and money when it comes to marketing by automating individual tasks. There are two types of automation: batch and concurrent. Advantages commonly attributed to automation include higher production rates and increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduced factory lead times. Disadvantages of automation are the cost to replace human labour with automated systems. Other Advantages and disadvantages of automation are as follows: 66 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 67 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 68 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 69 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 70 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 71 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 72 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 73 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 74 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 75 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an automated system used for a given scenario 76 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Actuators: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHn7O6PUaoY 77 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systems Actuators: When a computer is used to control devices, such as a conveyer belt or a valve, it is usually necessary to use an actuator to, for example, start/stop the conveyer belt or open/close the valve. An actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device such as a relay, solenoid or motor. We will consider a solenoid as the example; this converts an electrical signal into a magnetic field producing linear motion: Figure 1 Figure 2 If a plunger (for example, a magnetized metal bar see figure 2 ) is placed inside the coil, it will move when a current is applied to the coil (see Figure 1). This would allow the solenoid to operate a valve or a switch, for example. There are also examples of rotary solenoids where a cylindrical coil is used. In this case, when a current is supplied to the coil, it would cause a rotational movement of the plunger. 78 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics https://youtu.be/fUyU3lKzoio 79 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics https://youtu.be/dDsmbwOrHJs 80 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Amazon Robotics Deploys First Fully Autonomous Robot With NVIDIA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUnZXBL_lqA 81 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Robots and robotics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DModfuQRA3w 82 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Robots and robotics 83 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Robots and robotics 84 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics What is robotics? Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways. what is a robot in the real world? Robotics is a branch of (computer) science that brings together the design, construction and operation of robots. Robots can be found in: factories Home Drones – welding parts together – autonomous floor sweepers – unmanned aerial vehicles – spray-painting panels on a car – autonomous lawn mower (UAVs) are drones that are – fitting windscreens to cars – ironing robots (for example, either remotely controlled or – cutting out metal parts to a ‘dress man’) totally autonomous high precision – pool cleaning using embedded systems – bottling and labelling plants – automatic window cleaners – can be used in reconnaissance – warehouses (automatic – entertainment (‘friend’ robots) (for example, taking location of items) aerial photographs) – can be used to make parcel deliveries (for example, Amazon). 85 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 86 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot To be correctly called a robot, they need to have the following characteristics: 1 Ability to sense their surroundings: – this is done via sensors (such as light, pressure, temperature, acoustic, and so on) – sensors allow a robot to recognize its immediate environment and gives it the ability to determine things like size, shape or weight of an object, detect if something is hot or cold, and so on; all sensor data is sent to a microprocessor or computer. 2 Have a degree of movement: – they can make use of wheels, cogs, pistons, gears (etc.) to carry out functions such as turning, twisting, moving backwards/forwards, gripping or lifting – they are mechanical structures made up of many parts (for example, motors, hydraulic pipes, actuators and circuit boards) – they contain many electrical components to allow them to function – can make use of end effectors (different attachments to allow them to carry out specific tasks such as welding, spraying, cutting or lifting). 3 Programmable: – they have a ‘brain’ known as a controller that determines the action to be taken to perform a certain task (the controller relies on data sent from sensors or cameras, for example) – controllers are programmable to allow the robots to do certain tasks. 87 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 88 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U70nr2bRxAE 89 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 90 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 91 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 92 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 93 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 94 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 95 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics The role of robots and their advantages and disadvantages 96 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics The role of robots and their advantages and disadvantages in Industry 97 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics The role of robots and their advantages and disadvantages in Transport A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car, driver-less car, or robotic car (robo-car), is a car incorporating vehicular automation, that is, a ground vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input. Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings, such as thermo graphic cameras, radar, sensor..etc. 98 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics The role of robots and their advantages and disadvantages in Autonomous trains 99 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.2 Robotics Characteristics of a robot 100 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Questions 1: What is the main difference between monitoring and controlling of a process? Questions 2: Describe how a computer and sensors are used to monitor the greenhouse environment; the temperature must be between 25°and 30° and the soil pH must be between 4 and 5. Questions 3: Name three other sensors and describe three different applications which use these sensors. Questions 4: What is an Actuator? Questions 5: Robots are being used to spray some metal components with paint. Describe: (i) Two problems the robots might encounter when spraying these metal components. (ii) How these problems could be overcome. Questions 6: In general, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using robots rather than using human workers in a manufacturing company? Questions 7: A chemical process is being monitored using temperature sensors and pH sensors. These sensors send data to a microprocessor. If the temperature in the process drops to below 50°( then a heater is switched on and if the acidity rises to a pH of 5, then a valve is opened to admit more acid (pH must be kept below 5). Describe how the sensors and microprocessor are used to control the chemical process. 101 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Question 8: 102 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Answer 1: Monitoring a process: - Sensors send data - Data converted to digital data (using ADC) - Computer analyses/compares data - If outside the range (when compared to stored values) it sends a signal to sound alarm or produce warning message on a screen Controlling a process: - (First four lines are the same as above) it sends signals to actuators - Signals converted to analogue using DAC - Pumps/valves (etc.) are opened/closed (etc.) to alter the process conditions - The output affects the next input. 103 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Answer 2: - Data gathered from temperature and pH sensors - Signals sent to ADC where they are converted to digital - Information is sent to the computer where it is compared to pre-set/stored values - If the temperature 30°C, a signal is sent by the computer to the motors to open the windows (again DAC and actuators used) and to switch off the heaters - If the temperature is between 25°C and 30°C, no action is taken - If the pH 5, a signal is sent by the computer to open valves to add acidic water (again use of DAC and actuators) - If the pH is between 4 and 5, no action is taken - In all cases, the output from the system will affect the next input to the system - Alarm is sounded if there is an error in the system - Monitoring and control continues until system turned off. 104 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Answer 3: Light sensor - automatic doors in a hotel Acoustic sensor - picks up sounds. for example: a burglar alarm Infrared sensor - counting items every time the beam is broken. Answer 4: Actuators are used in many control applications involving sensors and computers or microprocessors. They are usually electromechanical devices such as a motor, relay or solenoid. Actuators can be digital (solenoid) but others require a digital to analogue converter (DAC) since the actuator needs an electric current/voltage to operate a motor or a valve, for example. Answer 5: (i) Two problems - out of paint - component is missing - something is obstructing the paint spray gun. (ii) Use of sensors to detect out of paint, item is in the correct position, something is obstructing the spray gun, etc. Use of CCTV/cameras to show the status of the process (e.g. these can check paint surface of a car for imperfections). 105 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Answer 6: Advantages: - Can work in conditions hazardous/unpleasant to humans; - They can work non-stop (no breaks); - Less expensive in the long run (no wages required); - More productive (takes less time to do a task than a human); - More consistent (everything is always made to the same standard); - Removes the need for humans to do boring/ repetitive tasks; - Less factory costs (can reduce heating, lighting levels, etc.). Disadvantages: - Difficulty dealing with non-standard situations; - Can lead to unemployment; - Possible risk of deskilling; - Production process can be more easily moved to 'less expensive' countries. Answer 7: - sensors continually send data to the microprocessor if the output from the sensors is analogue, then the data is converted to digital, using an ADC, before it is sent to the microprocessor - the microprocessor contains optimum temperature and acid/pH values (or they are stored on a storage device connected to the microprocessor) - if the temperature reading is = 50°( then no action is taken 106 - if the pH reading is > 5, then a signal is sent to a valve to open and allow acid to enter chemical process Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.1 Automated systemsand 6.2 Robotics Answer 8: 107 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence 108 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad79nYk2keg 109 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence How AI Works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok- xpKjKp2g&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNeehd1RXhnVMBFi1WhWLx_Y 110 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence https://youtu.be/0oRVLf16CMU 111 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence How does artificial intelligence learn? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yCJMt9Mx9c 112 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence How do all the algorithms, like ChatGPT & Bing, around us learn to do their jobs? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9OHn5ZF4Uo 113 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE00609d-f4 114 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Understand what is meant by artificial intelligence (AI) 115 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Understand what is meant by artificial intelligence (AI) Types of artificial intelligence Weak AI or Narrow AI Weak AI also called Narrow AI is AI trained and focused to perform specific tasks. Weak AI drives most of the AI that surrounds us today. ‘Narrow’ might be a more accurate descriptor for this type of AI as it is anything but weak; it enables some very robust applications, such as Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, IBM Watson, and autonomous vehicles. General Intelligence (AGI) Is a theoretical form of AI where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to humans; it would have a self-aware consciousness that has the ability to solve problems, learn, and plan for the future. Strong AI.Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) also known as superintelligence would surpass the intelligence and ability of the human brain. 116 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence 117 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence 118 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Examples of AI include: » news generation based on live news feeds » smart home devices (such as Amazon Alexa, Google Now, Apple Siri and Microsoft Cortana): – the AI device interacts with a human by recognizing verbal commands – it learns from its environment and the data it receives – the device becomes increasingly sophisticated in its responses, thus showing the ability to use automated repetitive learning 119 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Examples of AI include: Deep learning: is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what comes naturally to humans, to learn Take an example of Self Driving feature in cars like Tesla(Autopilot) Facial Recognition: Artificial Intelligence has made it possible to recognize individual faces using biometric mapping. For example, Clearview AI, an American technology company, offers surveillance technology for law agencies to monitor entire cities with a network of CCTV. Automate Simple and Repetitive Tasks: AI has the ability to execute the same kind of work over and over again without breaking a sweat. Data Ingestion: With every passing day, the data that we are all producing is growing exponentially, which is where AI steps in. Instead of manually feeding this data, AI-enabled not just gathers this data but also analyzes it with the help of its previous experiences. Chatbots: are software to provide a window for solving customer problems’ through either audio or textual input. Earlier the bots used to respond only to specific commands. If you say the wrong thing, it didn’t know what you meant. 120 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Examples of AI include: Quantum Computing: AI is helping solve complex quantum physics problems with the accuracy of supercomputers with the help of quantum neural networks. This can lead to path-breaking developments in the near future for example, A pioneer in this field is Google AI Quantum Cloud Computing: Next Artificial Intelligence characteristics is Cloud Computing. With such a huge amount of data being churned out every day, data storage in a physical form would have been a major problem for example Microsoft Azure is one of the prominent players in the cloud computing industry. It offers to deploy your own machine learning models to your data stored in cloud servers without any lock-in. 121 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence 122 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-X2VhfIzCw 123 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 124 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 125 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 126 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 127 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 128 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 129 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 130 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 131 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 132 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 133 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expertise and experience in a particular field. Expert systems are usually intended to complement, not replace, human experts. Note: It is important to remember that an expert system is not used to replace the human experts; instead, it is used to assist the human in making a complex decision. These systems do not have human capabilities of thinking and work on the basis of the knowledge base of the particular domain 134 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Below are some popular examples of the Expert System: DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a chemical analysis expert system. It was used in organic chemistry to detect unknown organic molecules with the help of their mass spectra and knowledge base of chemistry. MYCIN: It was one of the earliest backward chaining expert systems that was designed to find the bacteria causing infections like bacteremia and meningitis. It was also used for the recommendation of antibiotics and the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. There are many applications that use expert systems: » oil and mineral prospecting » diagnosis of a patient’s illness » fault diagnostics in mechanical and electronic equipment » tax and financial calculations » strategy games, such as chess » logistics (efficient routing of parcel deliveries) » identification of plants, animals and chemical/biological compounds. 135 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Expert systems have many advantages: » they offer a high level of expertise » they offer high accuracy » the results are consistent » they have the ability to store vast amounts of ideas and facts » they can make traceable logical solutions and diagnostics » it is possible for an expert system to have multiple expertise » they have very fast response times (much quicker than a human expert) » they provide unbiased reporting and analysis of the facts » they indicate the probability of any suggested solution being correct. Expert systems also have disadvantages: » users of the expert system need considerable training in its use to ensure the system is being used correctly » the set up and maintenance costs are very high » they tend to give very ‘cold’ responses that may not be appropriate in certain medical situations » they are only as good as the information/facts entered into the system » users sometimes make the very dangerous assumption that they are infallible. 136 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Components of Expert System An expert system mainly consists of three components: 1- User Interface 2- Inference Engine (Rules of Engine) 3- Knowledge Base 4- Rules base 137 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Structure of an Expert System: 138 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: 1- User Interface With the help of a user interface, the expert system interacts with the user, takes queries as an input in a readable format, and passes it to the inference engine. After getting the response from the inference engine, it displays the output to the user. » interaction can be through dialogue boxes, command prompts or other input methods. » the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No answers and are based on the responses to previous questions. 139 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: 2. Inference Engine(Rules of Engine) - The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert system as it is the main processing unit of the system. » this is the main processing element of the expert system » the inference engine acts like a search engine examining the knowledge base for information/data that matches the queries » it is responsible for gathering information from the user by asking a series of questions and applying responses where necessary; each question being asked is based on the previous responses. » the inference engine is the problem-solving part of the expert system that makes use of inference rules in the rules base. » since the knowledge base is a collection of objects and attributes, the inference engine attempts to use information gathered from the user to find an object that matches (making use of the rules base to find a match). 140 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: 3. Knowledge base » the knowledge base is a repository of facts » it stores all the knowledge about an area of expertise obtained from a number of expert resources. » it is basically a collection of objects and their attributes; for example: » so if we had a series of questions: – is it a mammal? YES – can it be a pet? NO – does it live in water? YES – does it make sonic sounds? YES – is its body covered in skin? YES – does it have any legs? NO conclusion: it is a WHALE. 141 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: 4. Rules base » the rules base is a set of inference rules » inference rules are used by the inference engine to draw conclusions (the methods used closely follow human reasoning) » they follow logical thinking like the example above; usually involving a series of ‘IF’ statements, for example: 142 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Setting up an expert system » information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources such as textbooks, research papers or the internet » information gathered is used to populate the knowledge base that needs to be first created » a rules base needs to be created; this is made up of a series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions » the inference engine itself needs to be set up; it is a complex system since it is the main processing element making reasoned conclusions from data in the knowledge base » the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate » once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested; this is done by running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made. Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems An expert system: Setting up an expert system 144 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 145 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 146 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 147 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 148 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Machine learning Mimics = to imitate or copy in action, speech, etc., often playfully 149 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Machine learning Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly defined as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence systems are used to perform complex tasks in a way that is similar to how humans solve problems. Example that uses machine learning are the most sophisticated search engines or Image recognition (x-ray as cancerous or not) The search engine will learn from its past performance, meaning its ability to carry out searches becomes more and more sophisticated and accurate. 150 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Machine learning Difference between AI and machine learning 151 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Machine learning Examples of machine learning 152 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Machine learning 153 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems 154 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478 6.3 Artificial intelligence Basic operations and components of AI systems Click the link below to practice Machine learning using python programming https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp 155