Chapter 6-7 IPv6 Addressing PDF

Chapter 6-7 IPv6 Addressing  IPv6 IP version 6 (IPv6) is the proposed solution for expanding the possible number of users on the Internet. IPv6 is also called IPng, the next generation IP. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address technique as compared to IPv4’s 32-b...

Chapter 6-7 IPv6 Addressing  IPv6 IP version 6 (IPv6) is the proposed solution for expanding the possible number of users on the Internet. IPv6 is also called IPng, the next generation IP. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address technique as compared to IPv4’s 32-bit address structure. IPv6 provides for a large number of IP addresses (2128).  IPv6 IPv6 numbers are written in hexadecimal rather than dotted decimal. For example, the following is a 32 hexadecimal digit IPv6 address. (Note: 32 hex digits x 4 bits/hex digit = 128 bits) 6789:ABCD:1234:EF98:7654:321F:EDCB:AF21 This is classified as a full IPv6 address. The “full” means that all 32 hexadecimal positions contain a value other than 0.  IPv6 IPv6 uses 7 colons (:) as separators to group the 32 hex characters into 8 groups of four. Some IPv6 numbers will have a 0 within the address. In this case, IPv6 allows the number to be compressed to make it easier to write the number. For example, assume that an IPv6 number is as follows: 6789:0000:0000:EF98:7654:321F:EDCB:AF21  IPv6 [double-colon] Consecutive 0’s can be dropped and a double-colon notation can be used as follows: 6789:0000:0000:EF98:7654:321F:EDCB:AF21 6789::EF98:7654:321F:EDCB:AF21  IPv6 [double-colon] Recovering the compressed number in double-colon notation simply requires that all numbers left of the double notation be entered beginning with the left most slot of the IPv6 address. Next, start with the numbers on right of the double- colon. Begin with the right most slot of the IPv6 address slots and enter the numbers from right to left until the double-colon is reached. Zeros are entered into any empty slots. 6789::EF98:7654:321F:EDCB:AF21 6789 : 0 : 0 :EF98 :7654 :321F :EDCB :AF21  IPv6 IPv4 numbers can be written in the new IPv6 form by writing the IPv4 number in hexadecimal and placing the number to the right of a double-colon. Example 6-11 demonstrates how a dotted-decimal IP number can be converted to IPv6 hexadecimal.  Example 6-11 Problem: Convert the IPv4 address of 192.168.5.20 to an IPv6 hexadecimal address. Solution: First convert each dotted-decimal number to hexadecimal. Decimal Hex 192 C0 168 A8 5 05 20 14 (Hint: use a calculator or a lookup table to convert the decimal numbers to hexadecimal.)  Example 6-11 The IPv6 address will have many leading 0’s, therefore the IPv6 hex address can be written in double-colon notation as: :: C0A8:0514  Example 6-11 IPv4 numbers can also be written in IPv6 form by writing the IPv4 number in dotted-decimal format as shown. Note that the number is preceded by 24 hexadecimal 0’s. 0000: 0000: 0000: 0000: 0000: 0000:192.168.5.20 This number can be reduced as follows: ::192.168.5.20  Types of IPv6 addresses There are three types of IPv6 addresses. These are unicast, multicast, and anycast. The unicast IPv6 address is used to identify a single network interface address and data packets are sent directly to the computer with the specified IPv6 address. There are several types of unicast addresses including link-local addresses, global unicast addresses, and unique local addresses. Link-local addresses are designed to be used for and are limited to communications on the local link. Every IPv6 interface will have one link-local address.  Types of IPv6 addresses Multicast IPv6 addresses are defined for a group of networking devices. Data packets sent to a multicast address are sent to the entire group of networking devices such as a group of routers running the same routing protocol. Multicast addresses all start with the prefix FF00::/8. The next group of characters in the IPv6 multicast address (the second octet) are called the scope. The scope bits are used to identify which ISP should carry the data traffic.  Types of IPv6 addresses The anycast IPv6 - unicast addresses says “send to this one address” and multicast addresses are used to send the data packets “to every member of this group”, Anycast addresses says “send to any one member of this group”. In choosing which member to send to, we would for efficiency reasons normally send to the closest one— closest in routing terms. So we can normally also consider anycast to mean “send to the closest member of this group”.  IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling Source: Cisco Systems This is a technique for encapsulating IPv6 packets within the IPv4 format so the packets can be carried over the IPv4 network.  IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling Source: Cisco Systems All tunneling mechanisms require that the endpoints of the tunnel run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks, that is, endpoints must run in dual-stack mode. The dual-stack routers run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols simultaneously and thus can interoperate directly with both IPv4 and IPv6 end systems and routers. For proper operation of the tunnel mechanisms, appropriate entries in a DNS that map between host names and IP addresses for both IPv4 and IPv6 allow the applications to choose the required address.  6to4 Prefix (IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling The structure of the 6to4 prefix for hosts is provided. The 32 bits of the IPv4 address fit into the first 48 bits of the IPv6 address.  6to4 Prefix (IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling FP is the Format Prefix which is made up of the higher order bits. The 001 indicates that this is a global unicast address. TLA ID (0x2002) is the Top Level Identifiers and is issued to local Internet registries. These IDs are administered by IANA (http://www.iana.org/). The TLA is used to identify the highest level in the routing hierarchy. The TLA ID is 13 bits long.  6to4 Prefix (IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling V4ADDR is the IPv4 address of the 6to4 endpoint and is 32 bits long. SLA ID is the Site Level Aggregation Identifier that is used by individual organizations to identify subnets within their site. The SLA ID is 16 bits long.  6to4 Prefix (IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling Interface ID is the Link Level Host Identifier is used to indicate an interface on a specific subnet. The interface ID is equivalent to the host IP address in IPv4.  SLACC Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is another important feature of IPv6. This feature allows for a server-less basic network configuration of the IPv6 computers. With IPv4, a computer generally obtains its network settings from a DHCP server. With IPv6, a computer can automatically configure its network settings without a DHCP server by sending a solicitation message to its IPv6 router.  IPv6 Transition When will the Internet switch to IPv6? The answer is not clear but the networking community recognizes that something must be done to address the limited availability of IP current address space. Many manufacturers have already incorporated IPv6 capabilities in their routers and operating systems. What about IPv4? The bottom-line is the switch to IPv6 will not come without providing some way for IPv4 networks to still function. Section 6-7 Key Terms IPv6 IPng Full IPv6 address