Chapter 5 V - Characteristics of Age Span PDF

lOMoARcPSD|47336272 Chapter 5 V - Characteristics of age span Nursing Process I and Lab (Daytona State College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Shannon Downing (jj57hq2rvp@private...

lOMoARcPSD|47336272 Chapter 5 V - Characteristics of age span Nursing Process I and Lab (Daytona State College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47336272 Chapter 5: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory focuses on the motivation for human behavior and personality development- maintained by instinctual drives like sex, aggression, survival  Id- represents instinctual urges/pleasures/gratification, born with ID, dominant in infants/young children and older children/adults who cannot control their urges  Ego- begins to develop at 4 to 6 months and thought to represent reality, strives to balance what is wanted (ID) and what is possible to obtain/achieve  Super ego- conscience, develops early childhood (five and six years old) because of the internalization of primary caregiver responses to environmental events  Unconscious mind- compose the thoughts and memories that are not readily recalled but unconsciously influence behavior  Oral – birth to 18 months, anal- 18 months to three years, phallic – 3 to 6 years, Genital- 13 to 20 years Piaget studied his own children to understand how humans develop cognitive abilities (ability to think/reasoning/use language), requires three core competencies  Adaption- ability to adjust to and interact with one’s environment  Assimilation – integration of new experiences with one’s own knowledge  Accommodation – change in one system of knowledge that results from processing new info Cognitive development occurs from birth through adolescence-  Sensorimotor- birth to 2 years  Preoperational- 2 to 7 years  Concrete operations- 7 to 11 years  Formal operations- 11 to adulthood Erikson:  Stage 1 – trust vs mistrust (birth to 18 months)  Stage 2- Autonomy vs shame/doubt (18m to 3 years)  Stage 3- Initiative vs guilt (3 to 5 years)  Stage 4- industry vs inferiority (6 to 11 years)  Stage 5- identity vs role confusion (11 to 21 years)  Stage 6- intimacy vs isolation (21 to 40 years)  Stage 7- generativity vs stagnation (40 to 65 years)  Stage 8- ego integrity vs despair (65 +) Kohlberg hypothesized person’s level of moral development can be identified by analyzing the rationale given for action in a moral dilemma: Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47336272  Stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation (right action avoids punishment)  Stage 2: personal interest orientation (right action satisfies personal need)  Stage 3: “good boy-nice girl” orientation (right action pleases others)  Stage 4: law and order orientation (right action following rules)  Stage 5: legalistic social contract orientation (right action decided in terms of individual rights and standards agreed upon society)  Stage 6: universal ethical principles orientation (right action determined by conscience and abstract principles) Gestational period: conception to birth  1st trimester: 1st 8 weeks are considered the embryonic phase, by week 4 brain/heart/liver begin to form with tiny limbs present, 6 to 7 weeks heartbeat can be heard with all organs being formed and called a fetus by 8 weeks  2nd trimester: 16 to 20 weeks can feel movement and all organs and body parts are intact  3rd trimester: fetus grows in size and fat, if born during this period they can stay alive with intensive care, early term from 37w to 38w 6d, full term at 39w, late term at 41w, post term 42w, average baby is 5lbs 8oz to 8lbs 13oz and 20 in long Neonatal period: birth to 28 days  Vital signs: respirations are most important where normal respirations are irregular/shallow/30 to 50 a min/periodic breathing, average heart rate of 120 to 140 beats per minute, bluish due to poor circulation, temp 98.6 and chills easily  Can get jaundice, respiratory distress, birth injuries, infection, maternal substance abuse  NUTRITION, BREATHING, AND THERMOREGULATION ARE MOST IMPORTANT Infancy: 1 month to 1 year  Physical development: gains 1.5 lbs per month for the first 3 months, doubles in weight by 5 months and triples by 1 year, increase in length by 1in per month until 6 months then slows to 1in over next 6 months, head circumference increases 33% in 1st year, 1st tooth between 6 to 8 months with lower central incisors appearing 1st followed by upper central incisors, breastfeeding up to 6 months-best for infant, sleep pattern by 3 to 4 months and sleep up to 15hrs  Can have colic/fussy, failure to thrive, dental caries, unintentional injury/SIDS, abuse/neglect  Assessment includes immunizations at 2/4/6/8/10/12 months, measure growth and development/weight/height/head/skills, assess for abuse  Interventions: nutrition, back to sleep, car seats, immunizations, play, abuse, neglect, unintentional injury Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47336272  By 3 months can smile, by 5 months belly to back, by 6 months back to belly, by 7 months sit alone, by 9 months crawl on hands and knees, by 10 months pincer grasp, by 11 months walk holding on, by 12 months independent steps Toddlerhood: 1 to 3 years  Physical development: gains 5 lbs a year and by second birthday 27lbs and 34 in mostly in the legs, head circumference is equal to chest, between 12 to 18 months anterior fontanelle closes, respirations and heart rate decrease while BP increases, stomach increases, anal and urethral sphincter 18 to 24 months  Can ride tricycle, put simple puzzles together, build a tower, open lids, most can copy O or line, can find hidden objects and search for them, by 3 years toilet trained, matching and sorting games, limited understanding of jokes, sentences up with 4 to 5 words, short separation from caregivers, openly express affection, imitate family and peers  Assessment: can be fearful of strangers-parents can hold during exam, regular physical exam for growth/height/weight  Interventions: teaching parents how to childproof environment, prevent injury, use firm limits, choking hazards/rescue maneuver, handwashing, toothbrushing, dentist, diet Preschool: 4 and 5 years  Physical development: by 4 years 36lbs and 40in, by 5 years up 5lbs and 3in, proportions of head and trunk are somewhat closer “potbelly” and lumbar curve disappear, 90 to 100 bpm, 22 to 25 breaths per minutes, 20/20 vison and mature hearing  Can stand om 1 foot for 10 seconds and hop/skip/jump by 5 years, can copy a triangle/square/stick figure, use fork and spoon, can dress and use bathroom by self, can tell stories and sentences with more than 5 words, count more than 10 objects, increasingly aware of sex organs, may ask about god, distinguish fantasy from reality and enjoy jokes  Communicable disease, poisoning, enuresis, abuse/neglect  Assessment includes height/weight/vitals, nutrition, sleep habits, vision screening, dental hygiene  Interventions: frequent handwashing, proper brushing teeth, balanced diet, adequate diet and rest, stranger danger School age: 6 to 12 years Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47336272  Physical development: grows about 2 inches taller and gains 4 to 7lbs with slimmer appearance with long legs, muscle mass/strength/physical ability increases, brain and skull grow slowly, gi system matures and stomach capacity increase while caloric demand decreases, immune system develops  By 7 years can tie shoes/print name/self-care and feed self, by 8 years fine motor skills increase, by 9 years motor development close to adult and understand concept of money, by 6 years vocab of 3,000 words, team play/peer friendships  Obesity, asthma, unintentional injury (concussion)  Assessment includes nutrition, allergies, sleep. Teeth, vision, safety, BMI, shots  Interventions include nutrition and exercise, limit screen time, teach about diabetes and asthma Adolescence: 12 to 18 years  Physical development: females undergo a growth spurt between nine and 14 years old with height increasing 2 to 8 inches and weight increasing 15 to 65 lbs by the onset of menstruation attained 90% of adult height, males undergo growth spurt between 10 and 16 years old and continue to grow until 18 to 20, bone mass accumulates until 20 years old, both male and female experience increase in BP and pulse decreases, blood values that of an adult and respiratory rate/volume/capacity, all vital organs reach adult size and males experience puberty from 9 to 14  Reaches adult height and 90% of people in density by the end of the stage, first period is around 14 for girls who develop primary and secondary sex characteristics by 16 and males by 17 to 19, motor development is equal to adults with the maturation of CNS  Develop personal identity, shift emotional attachment away from parents towards peers  MVA 23%, suicide 23%, drugs 20.4%, homicide 20% o Distracted driving, DUI, carrying weapons, using alcohol/drugs, depression, suicide, eating disorder, obesity, risky sexual behavior  Interventions include preventing obesity and promoting exercise, preventing pregnancy and STI’s, breast and testicular self exam, immunizations, rest, nutrition, dental hygiene Young adulthood: 19 to 40 years  Physical development:  Maturation of body systems complete, P con density achieved for males and females by 25, vision/hearing acute, 20 to 30 optimal child bearing years, male hormone levels that serves in adolescence begin to slowly decrease and stabilize by 24 Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47336272  STI’s, unplanned pregnancies, traumatic injury, suicide, substance abuse, violence, obesity, diabetes  Assessment includes screenings for diabetes, hypertension, breast in testicular exams, Pap smear for women, violence  Interventions include breast cancer prevention with self exam and mammograms, exercise Middle Adults: 40 to 65 years  Menopause – no. For 12 months, pre-menopause starts 5 to 7 years, men experience andropause with a decrease testosterone level in sperm count  Generativity guides next generation, stagnation makes it unable to do so, can experience midlife crisis  Cancer, obesity, CVD  Assessment includes lipid panel, blood glucose, mammogram, eye exam, colorectal cancer, osteoporosis  Interventions include nutrition, hormone replacement, exercise, immunizations Downloaded by Shannon Downing ([email protected])