Chapter 5 Lecture Outline PDF

**Chapter 5: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology** \*Use this outline as a guide to follow along in lecture. Be sure to fill in the blanks as we progress through the presentation\* I. **Eukaryotic Microbes** - This is a very diverse group - Have different: - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\...

**Chapter 5: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology** \*Use this outline as a guide to follow along in lecture. Be sure to fill in the blanks as we progress through the presentation\* I. **Eukaryotic Microbes** - This is a very diverse group - Have different: - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] -- some are multicellular while others are unicellular - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] II. **Protozoans** - "Animal-like" protists - **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_],** motile organisms that are always [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - Inhabit both [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] and [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - Can be free-living or parasitic, carrying out a life-cycle within a host or hosts, and can cause illness - Some do sexual reproduction while others do asexual reproduction. Some can do both - Typical life cycle: - **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]:** Feeding and growth, reproduction, motile - **[Cyst]: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Can also be beneficial by providing metabolic services to their hosts - **What kind of symbiotic relationship is this? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** IJERPH \| Free Full-Text \| Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries \| HTML \*\*Be sure to know which are cysts and which are trophozoites in the picture! - Structure - Plasma membrane -- **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Cytoplasm: two distinct layers that contribute to the cell shape - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:** outer gel layer - **Endoplasm**: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Specialized feeding structures - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:** organelles that can be used to move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation (salt and water balance)  - **Amoeba Pathogens** - ***Entamoeba histolytica**:* Primary cause of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Parasite - **Causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Infects 50 million people worldwide - Can enter the blood stream and enter the liver - Spreads through contaminated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - ***Naegleria fowleri**:* "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_" - Causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Lives in freshwater - Not a usual human pathogen - Enters through the nose - **Flagella Pathogens** - ***Giardia lamblia**:* - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: Diarrheal illness transmitted through contaminated water - Diarrhea, gas, greasy stool, abdominal cramps - The most common \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - ***Trichomonas vaginalis:*** - Common \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Causes trichomoniasis which is often asymptomatic in men, but can still be transmitted. - In women, causes vaginal discomfort (itching and burning) and discharge. May cause pregnancy complications - No cyst stage -- transmitted by intimate contact - **"Gliding" Protozoans** - **Cryptosporidiosis** - ***Cryptosporidium parvum**:* often \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but can cause intestinal symptoms and diarrhea - Cysts can contaminate the drinking water - ***Plasmodium vivax*** - Causative agent of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Transmitted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Particular mosquito only lives in tropical environments - Major cause of: - Morbidity -- illness, specifically causes long term intellectual disabilities in children - Mortality -- death, especially in children under 5 - Incubation is 7-30 days - Chills, fever, sweats (every 2-3 days) and if left untreated can develop severe complications and die -- the parasites rupture out of the red blood cells to infect more cells - Very treatable with antimalarial drugs -- but must recognize the symptoms - Over 600,000 malaria related deaths occur annually III. **Parasitic helminths** - Identified by their **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Once in adult form, can be easily visualized - 2 main types: - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (nematodes)** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Platyhelminthes)** - About half the species in each of these groups are parasitic - These are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Limited digestive tracts, nervous systems, and locomotor abilities as parasites - Can have complex reproductive cycles with different life stages and more than one type of host - **Roundworms (nematodes)** - More than 15,000 species - Unsegmented - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:** (*[Enterobius vermicularis]*) is the most common intestinal worm infection in the United States - Pinworm causes sleeplessness and itching around the anus -- female worms lay their eggs during the night - ***Trichinella spiralis*** - Causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (trichinosis) - Contracted by consuming \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (specifically pork if not cooked to 165℉), which releases the larvae and allows them to encyst in muscles. - Causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Severe infections can lead to lack of coordination, breathing and heart problems, and even death. - **Flatworms (platyhelminths)** - Includes flukes, tapeworms that are parasites - Flukes (trematodes) are unsegmented flatworms that have an oral sucker that attach to the inner walls of intestines, lungs, large blood vessels, or the liver - Can have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Leave one to infect another -- cross species - **Tapeworms:** - Segmented flatworms that may have suckers or hooks at the scolex (head region) - Proglottids: Segment of the body that can be full of eggs - Attach to the wall of the small intestine - *[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]* - Include a beef and pork tapeworm  - Enter humans through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  IV. **Fungi** - Diverse group - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: nonphotosynthetic - Multi- or unicellular - Saprophytic or parasitic - Act as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Many diseases are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Often helpful: - Act as decomposers - Cheese! -- blue cheese, soft cheeses - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -- such as penicillin - **Penicillin** - Among the first antibiotics to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by *Staphylococci* and *Streptococci* - Discovered by Alexander Fleming - Act by inhibiting enzymes required for the cross-linking of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in bacterial cell walls - **Medical Importance -- *Penicillium*** - Source of antibiotics - Fungi - Complex life cycle: - Asexual/sexual reproduction - Structure: - Many fungal cell contain **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** (a polysaccharide) - Cell membranes often contain **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - As this is specific to fungi, can be used as a target for antifungal drugs - Molds and Yeasts Morphology - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** -- **multicellular** (filamentous) - Filaments called **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --** long, threadlike chains of cells - For reproduction: produce spores either asexually or sexually - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** -- **unicellular** (nonfilamentous) - Budding yeasts reproduce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by budding off a smaller cell and can stick together yeast \| Definition & Uses \| Britannica - Most fungi are [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]: grow in environments that are rich in nutrients, low in oxygen -- grow on dead material - Few colonize living tissue - Some fungi are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: can grow as either yeasts or hyphae (mold) - Important for infectivity and can help survive in diverse environments - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: fungal infections - Location: - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: infections on surface (hair, skin, nails) -- spread by direct contact - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: infections beneath the skin -- puncture wound - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: in the lungs - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: can be everywhere -- often start in the lungs before spreading - Many are opportunistic - ***Histoplasma capsulatum:*** - Histoplasmosis: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Dimorphic (temperature) - Spores in soil, bat guano, bird droppings - Asymptomatic or flu-like - **Ringworm** - Dermatophytosis - Can be caused by 1 of 40 different species - Spread by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - **Candidiasis** -- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - A common yeast -- **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, and forms pseudohyphae - Causes infections in humans such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - ***Aspergillus*** - Diverse group -- common inside and outside - Causes disease in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Different species can cause **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** -- a group of diseases - Pulmonary, invasive, cutaneous, allergic reactions - Grow in oxygen rich environments including on food (breads and potatoes) and on many plants and trees (tomatoes) V. **Algae** - Autotrophic protists: "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_" - Very diverse - Unicellular or multicellular - Generally do not infect humans - How do algae make people sick? - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - High spike in nutrients - Fertilizer runoff - Produce toxins that accumulate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]: ingestion of a toxin VI. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vs. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: - No invasion of pathogen - Consumption \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Symptoms appear within a few hours - Does not pass person-to-person - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: - Caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Can take 12 hours to days to see symptoms - Can be passed person-to-person **[Additional Notes]**