Eukaryotic Diversity PDF

MICROBIOLOGY EUKARYOTI C DIVERSITY  WHAT IS A EUKARYOTE? Organism that have cells with nucleus and other organelles. Can either be unicellular or multicellular!  Unicellular EUKARYOTE? Eukaryotic microbes are an extraordinarily diverse group,...

MICROBIOLOGY EUKARYOTI C DIVERSITY  WHAT IS A EUKARYOTE? Organism that have cells with nucleus and other organelles. Can either be unicellular or multicellular!  Unicellular EUKARYOTE? Eukaryotic microbes are an extraordinarily diverse group, including species with a wide range of life cycles, morphological specialization, and nutritional needs EUKARYOTES INCLUDE ANIMALS & PROTIST PLANTS FUNGI MOST ALGAE  FUNGI Fungi act as decomposers in the environment. They are also major sources of antibiotics, such as penicillin from the fungus Penicillium. Fungal cell walls contain chitin. Fungi reproduce sexually either through cross- or self-fertilization.  FUNGI Fungi may exhibit asexual reproduction by:  mitosis  mitosis with budding  fragmentation of hyphae  formation of asexual spores by mitosis. Protists Protist are eukaryotic and can be single- celled organisms. Some protist have chloroplasts and they move using cilia, a flagellum or a pseudopodia. Protist acquire nutrients by photosynthesis or  CHARACTERISTICS OF Microorganisms that PROTISTS drift or float in water, moved by currents, are referred to as plankton. Types of plankton include: zooplankton, which are motile and nonphotosynthetic phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic.  CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS During the feeding and growth part of their life cycle, they are called trophozoites. These feed on small particulate food sources such as bacteria. Others can develop from trophozoite to an encapsulated cyst stage.  CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS A cyst is a cell with a protective wall. The process by which a trophozoite becomes a cyst is called encystment. When conditions become more favorable, these cysts are triggered by environmental cues to become active again through excystment.  CHARACTERISTICS OF Some protozoans PROTISTS reproduce asexually by binary fission, budding, or schizogony (the nucleus of a cell divides multiple times before the cell divides into many smaller cells). The products of schizogony are called merozoites, which are stored in structures known as schizonts.  CHARACTERISTICS OF Some protozoans PROTISTS reproduce through sexual reproduction. Protozoans can produce haploid gametes that fuse through syngamy. They can also exchange genetic material by joining to exchange DNA in a process called conjugation, which is a process found in ciliates.  CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS All protozoans have a plasma membrane, or plasmalemma. Some have bands of protein just inside the membrane that add rigidity, forming a structure called the pellicle.  CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS They may have a specialized structure for taking in food through phagocytosis, called a cytostome, and a specialized structure for the exocytosis of wastes called a cytoproct.  CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS Many protists have whip-like flagella or hair-like cilia made of microtubules that can be used for locomotion. Other protists use cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia (“false feet”) to attach the cell to a surface.  PROTOZOA Nonphotosynthetic, motile organisms that are always unicellular.  PROTIST INCLUDES  PROTOZOA  ALGAE (plant-like)  SLIME MOLDS  PROTOZOA Nonphotosynthetic, motile organisms that are always unicellular.  PROTOZOA:Amoeb ozoa These protozoans use amoeboid movement. Actin microfilaments produce pseudopodia, into which the remainder of the protoplasm flows, thereby moving the organism.  Parasitic There are Helminths two major groups of parasitic helminths:  Roundworms (Nematoda)  Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)  ALGAE Photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae are responsible for the production of approximately 70% of the oxygen and organic matter in aquatic environments.  ALGAE Different algal groups have different pigments, which are reflected in common names such as red algae, brown algae, and green algae. Seaweeds can be red, brown, or green, depending on their photosynthetic pigments.  CHROMALVEOLA TA Chromalveolata includes the following:  Apicomplexans-parasitic protist  Ciliates-unicellular protist that use cilia (hair-like structure) to move  Diatoms-unicellular photosynthetic algae  Dinoflagellates-unicellular eukaryotic protist  ARCHAEPLASTI DA Archaeplastida includes the following: red algae green algae  ALGAL DIVERSITY The dinoflagellates are mostly marine organisms and are an important component of plankton. Nutritional types: Phototrophic – organism using light as its primary energy source. Heterotrophic – organism obtains its nutrition from organic compounds Mixotrophic – organism obtains its nutrition from heterotrophic or autotrophic methods  ALGAL DIVERSITY The dinoflagellates are mostly marine organisms and are an important component of plankton. Nutritional types: Phototrophic – organism using light as its primary energy source. Heterotrophic – organism obtains its nutrition from organic compounds Mixotrophic – organism obtains its nutrition from heterotrophic or autotrophic methods  ALGAL When a DIVERSITY population of dinoflagellates becomes particularly dense, a red tide (a type of harmful algal bloom) can occur. Red tides cause harm to marine life and to humans who consume contaminated marine life.  LICHENS Is a combination of two organisms (that live in a symbiotic relationship): a green alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus can potentially be found on almost any surface (especially rocks) or as epiphytes (meaning that they grow on other plants).  LICHENS Examples of the three types of lichens are shown here. (a) This is a crustose lichen found mostly on marine rocks, Caloplaca marina. (b) This is a foliose lichen, Flavoparmelia caperata. (c) This is a fruticose lichen, Letharia vulpina, which is sufficiently poisonous that it was once used to make arrowheads Thank You For Watching Subscribe to my channel for more videos