Chapter 4 Lecture Outline PDF

Chapter 04 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 ...

Chapter 04 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1  2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Chapter 4-Tissues What is a tissue? group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance (matrix) Histology: study of tissues 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of Tissues 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Epithelial Tissues Location: - lines cavities and covers body surfaces (internal and external) - Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc. 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Characteristics: - cells close together (very little extracellular matrix) - form most glands - have free surface - Basal surface: attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues 6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Functions of Epithelial Tissues 1. Protect: Ex. Skin 2. Act as a barrier: Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out 3. Diffusion and Filtration: Ex. Lungs and kidneys 4. Secretion: Ex. Sweat glands 5. Absorption: Ex. Small intestine 8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classified according to number of cell layers and cell shape Simple and stratified = number of cell layers Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional= cell shape 9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of Epithelial Tissues Simple Epithelium Structure: 1 layer of cells Stratified Epithelium Structure: many layers of cells 11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Simple Squamous Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells Function: diffusion and filtration Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys Simple Cuboidal Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells Function: secretion Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys 12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Simple Columnar Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells Function: secrete mucus and absorption Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract Pseudostratified Columnar Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells appears stratified but isn’t Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of resp. tract (cilia) Location: nasal cavity and trachea 15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Stratified Squamous Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells Function: protect and acts as a barrier Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus Transitional Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes shape (stretched squamous, not stretched cuboidal) Function: hold fluids Location: urinary bladder 18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Free Cell Surfaces “apical surface” Surface not in contact with other cells Faces either a body fluid or an outside environment Smooth to reduce friction, Ex. Blood vessels Microvilli: - increase cell’s surface area - Ex. Small intestine 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Cilia: - move materials across cell’s surface - Ex. Trachea Goblet cells: - produce mucus - Ex. Stomach 22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Cell Connections Tight junctions: - bind adjacent cells together - Ex. Intestines Desmosomes: mechanical links that bind cells 23 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Hemidesmosomes: bind cells to basement membrane Gap junctions: - small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells - allow cells to communicate - most common 24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Figure 4.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Connective Tissues Characteristics Cells far apart Contain large amounts of cell fibers (collagen and elastic fibers) Classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in varying amounts): protein fibers, ground substance, fluid Ground substance: proteins and sugars 26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of Protein Fibers Collagen fibers: look like ropes and are thick, strong and flexible but resist stretching Reticular fibers: supporting network that fills spaces between organs and tissues; are thin and form a supportive mesh Elastic fibers: thin and elastic. recoil after being stretched 27 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Enclose and separate: Ex. around organs and muscles 2. Binds/ Connect tissues: Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone 3. Structure, Support and Movement: Ex. bones 28 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4. Storage: Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue stores fat 5. Cushion and insulate: Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps conserve heat 6. Transport: Ex. Blood 7. Protect: Ex. Immune cells 29 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue Loose Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin Structure: collagen fibers far apart Function: support and protect 31 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  32 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Dense Location: tendons, ligaments, skin Structure: collagen fibers packed close together Function: connect and can withstand pulling forces Adipose Location: under skin and around organs (body fat) Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled with lipids Function: storage, insulate, cushion 33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  34 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  35 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  36 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Cartilage Type of connective tissue Composed of chondrocytes Contains collagen Withstands compressions Provides support, flexibility, strength 37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Location: covers ends of bones Structure: some collagen fibers Function: reduces friction (cushion) Fibrocartilage Location: between vertebra Structure: lots of collagen fibers Function: can withstand compression 38 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Elastic cartilage Location: ear and tip of nose Structure: elastic fibers Function: can recoil 40 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Hard connective tissue 2 types: compact and spongy Composed of osteocytes 42 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Blood Liquid connective tissue Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones 44 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Muscular Tissue Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location Striated Skeletal many peripheral Y (most muscle) Cardiac 1 centrally Y (heart) Smooth 1 centrally N (organs) 46 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Nervous Tissue Consist of neurons or nerve cells (neurons) Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves transmits electrical signals throughout the body Controls and coordinates body movements Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodies 50 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  51 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Glands What are they? structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood Exocrine glands: - glands with ducts - Ex. Sweat or oil glands Endocrine glands: – no ducts (directly into bloodstream) – Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc. 52 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  53 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Types of Exocrine Glands Simple: no branches Compound: many branches Tubular: end of duct Alveolus: sac-like structure 54 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Inflammation Occurs when tissues are damaged Signals the body’s defenses (white blood cells) to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells so repair can occur. Chemical mediators: - released after injury - cause dilation of blood vessels 56 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Symptoms of Inflammation 1. Redness: blood vessels dilate 2. Heat: due to increased blood flow 3. Swelling: from water and proteins 4. Pain: nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling 57 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Splinte rBacteria introduced 1 A splinter in the skin causes damage and introduces bacteria. Chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in 1 Epidermis injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. Some blood vessels rupture, causing bleeding. 2 Dermis Blood 2 Chemical mediators cause capillaries to vessel dilate and the skin to become red. Chemical mediators also increase capillary permeability, and fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling (arrows). Bacteria proliferatin g 3 White blood cells (e.g., neutrophils) leave the dilated blood vessels and move to the 3 site of bacterial infection, where they begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris. Neutrophil phagocytizing bacteria Neutrophil migrating through blood vessel wall Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Tissue Repair What is it? substitution of dead cells for viable cells Regeneration: cells of same type develop (no scar) Replacement: cells of a different type develop (scar) 59 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.