Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South PDF

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Define the term "global south" from the Third World. - Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America. - Analyze...

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Define the term "global south" from the Third World. - Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America. - Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization. ## Latin America This refers to countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the American continent. ## West and East in 1494 This is when the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided into two: - The west belonging to the Crown of Castile (now part of Spain). - The east belonging to the Portuguese Empire. A map of the Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 shows the world split between Spain and Portugal with Spain in control of the west and Portugal in control of the east. ## Cold War A map shows the world divided between the USA and USSR, with the USA in control of the west and the USSR in control of the east. ## World Division during the Cold War The Cold War between the US and USSR created the division between the Capitalist/Democratic states and the Communist states. ## First World and Second World - The capitalist economists were considered First World. - The communist economists were referred to as Second World. A map shows the world divided into three sections: First World, Second World, and Third World. ## Global North and Global South The First World encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Finland and Switzerland maintained strict neutrality. ## Global North and Global South The Second World was anchored on the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. ## Third World This refers to countries that did not belong to either types of formal economies. A map shows the world divided into three sections: First World, Second World, and Third World. ## North and South Divide After the cold war, many see primary global division as being between North and South. A map shows two main sections of the world referred to as The Rich North and The Poor South. ## Global North and Global South The Global North refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterized by established wealth, technological advancement, political stability, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics. A map shows the world showing countries in North America and Europe colored in red and countries in South America and Africa colored in green. A diagram of the world showing the path of the "Flying Geese" is also included. ## Global North and Global South The Global South refers to the developing countries which represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, Latin America and others that are not as economically sound and politically stable. - They tend to be characterized by war, conflict, poverty and tyranny. ## Global North vs. Global South Global North are considered as the high income countries such as Norway, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, US, Belgium, Iceland, Japan, Sweden, Netherlands and most of Western Europe. - Global South are countries that are less developed and characterized by low level of economic development, large inequalities in living standards and low life expectancy such as Africa, Latin America and developing Asia including the Middle East. ## Global North vs. Global South - First World and Second World. - Home to all the members of the G8 and P5 members of the United Nations Security Council. - Richer and developed region. - 95% has enough food and shelter. - Economy: industries and major businesses, commerce and finance. - Third World - Poor and less developed region. - 5% has enough food and shelter. - Source of raw materials of the north. A map shows the world with a key showing the G8 countries and the P5 countries. ## Global North and Global South - Global North controls 4/5 of the income earned anywhere in the world. - 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. - Global South has access to 1/5 of the world’s income. - As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the “North", regardless of geographical location. - Any nations that do not qualify for "developed” status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South”. ## Global North - Low Poverty - Low Child Mortality - High Economic and Educational Development - Advance Technological Advancement - Stable Governments - Low Fertility Rates - Low Gender Related Illiteracy ## Global South - High Poverty - High Child Mortality - Low Economic and Educational Development - Low self consumption of natural resources - Vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations and industrial nations - Less technological advancement - Economy are dependent on developed countries - Unstable Governments - High Fertility Rates - High Gender Related Illiteracy ## Global North and Global South Global divides are not purely of a geographical division but rather focused on socio-economic and political affiliations and status ## North / South Divide A map shows the world illustrating the Brandt line between developed countries and developing countries. - Global North vs. Global South ## Asian Regionalism A product of economic interaction between Asian countries. A map of the world shows Asia colored in red and the other continents colored in blue. ## Asian Regionalism - Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. - New technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of the China and India and the region's growing weight in the global economy. - The 1997/1998 financial crisis dealt a severe setback too much of the region, highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. ## Asian Regionalism - In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. - East Asian economies focused on exporting to developed country markets. - The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar paths. ## Asian Regionalism - Now, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. - Interdependence is deepening because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide ranging exchanges of parts and components among them. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization - As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. - As to market, globalization allows many companies to trade on international level so it allows free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are likely to develop. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization - As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerate to multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization does not support this. - As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas. - As to technological advances, globalization has driven great advances in technology but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions - Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. - The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative - Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions - Regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions - Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions - In recent years, countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity. A symbol of the ASEAN is included.