Chapter 4 Living Primates PDF

Chapter 4 Living Primates 4-1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-1  Primates Diverse order – Diversity in diet among taxa – Diversity in social organization – Diversity in daily activity patterns Geographic distributi...

Chapter 4 Living Primates 4-1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-1  Primates Diverse order – Diversity in diet among taxa – Diversity in social organization – Diversity in daily activity patterns Geographic distribution  Primate Taxonomy Primates are mammals. Primates differ by having a number of characteristics or traits not shared with other mammals. These traits define the Primate taxon (Order) 4-3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-4  WHAT MAKES A PRIMATE? Opposable big toe or thumb Flat nail on at least one digit Reduced olfactory apparatus with greater emphasis on vision Stereoscopic vision Large brain Dermatoglyphics with ridges Postorbital bar Petrosally formed auditory bulla  Primate Life History Longer gestation Longer to mature – Greater parental investment  Primate Taxonomy ORDER SUBORDER INFRAORDER PARVORDER SUPERFAMILY FAMILY Hominidae Hominoidea Hylobatidae Catarrhini Anthropoidea Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Platyrrhini Cebidae Ceboidea Haplorhini Atelidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Primates Tarsiiformes Tarsiioidea Lemuroidea Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Lorisoidea 4-4 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-7  Strepsirhine Characteristics Dental tooth comb. Moist rhinarium. Unfused mandibular and frontal symphases. Tapetum lucidum. Postorbitol bar. Two superfamilies: Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea. 4-5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-8 Strepsirhine Skull 4-6 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-9  Two Strepsirhine Superfamilies Lemuroidea Lorisoidea Madagascar and Found throughout sub- Comoro islands. Saharan Africa and Arboreal quadrupeds Southeast Asia. and leapers; some are Lorises and galagos. partially terrestrial. Many small-bodied Arboreal quadrupeds species are nocturnal. Nocturnal. Female dominance. Varied diet. Varied diet. Toxic bite 4-7 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-10 Lemur: Propithecus perrieri 4-8 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-11  Lesser Gallago Genus Euoticus sp. Taken from: http://elelur.com/mammals/bushbaby.html Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 1-13  Haplorhine Characteristics Dry nose. Retinal fovea– improved visual acuity. Postorbitol closure. Fused mandibular and frontal symphases (cf. Tarsiers). Two infraorders: Anthropoidea and Tarsiiformes. Two Parvorders: Platyrrhini, and Catarrhini. 4-9 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-14 Haplorhine Skull 4-10 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-15  Tarsiiformes One genus (Tarsius). Found in Southeast Asia. Small body size (80-130 g). Relatively large eyes, with fused lower leg bones. Entirely faunivorous. 4-11 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-16 Tarsiers  Platyrrhines Central and South America. Body mass: 110 g – 11.4 kg. Cebidae, Atelidae, Aotidae, and Pitheciidae. Prehensile tail in few species. Most entirely arboreal. Dental formula 2.1.3.3 4-12 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-18 Platyrrhine: Cebus olivaceus 4-13 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-19 Example of a prehensile tail in a New World Monkey (Spider Monkey: Genus Ateles)  Catarrhini Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia. Body mass: 1 kg-175 kg. Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, and Hominidae. Variety of diets, social organizations, and adaptations. 4-14 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-21 Leaf-eating monkey from the subfamily Colobinae (Proboscis monkey: Nasalis lavartus) Longtailed macaque: Macaca fascicularis 1-23 New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys (and Apes) 1) 2133/2133 1) 2123/2123 2) Prehensile tails (some) 2) Non-prehensile tails 3) Tympanic ring fused to auditory bulla 3) Tympanic tube 4) Parietal bone meets the 4) Parietal bone DOES NOT zygomatic bone meet the zygomatic bone Differences between NWM and OLM Primate Dentition Pan paniscus Orangutan (Genus Pongo)  Body Size Scaling. Area and volume change at different rates. Animal that doubles in size will be eight times heavier. Small animals have greater heat (energy) loss than larger animals. 4-15 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-30 KAY’S Callitrichid Threshold ? Figure 06.05a Figure 06.05b Primate Evolutionary Ecology Bottom-up processes. Top-down processes. Predation pressures on primates. 4-17 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-34  Primate Habitats Tropical rainforests, dry forests, deserts, and savannas. Primary vs. secondary forests. Ecological Niche. Forest microhabitats:  Emergent layer  Canopy  Understorey 4-16 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-35  Primate Ranging Patterns Daily path length. Day range. Home range. Core area. Territory. 4-18 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-36  Long-tailed macaques Figure 06.14 Gibbons  Why Do Primates Live in Groups? Advantages Disadvantages Improved predator Increased predator protection. encounters. Improved access to More mouths to feed. food. Increased  Resource defence. travel/foraging costs. Increased access to Disease potential mates. transmission 4-23 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-38  Primate Conservation Habitat disturbance:  Logging  Agriculture Forest fragmentation. Hunting pressures:  Subsistence vs. economic 4-24 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 4-39