Chapter 3 System Software PDF

System Software Chapter 3 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Describe the differences between...

System Software Chapter 3 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Describe the differences between system software and application software. ▪ Identify the four types of system software. ▪ Explain the basic functions, features, and categories of operating systems. ▪ Describe Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux, and virtualization. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Describe the purpose of utilities and utility suites. ▪ Discuss mobile operating systems including, iOS, Android. ▪ Identify the five most essential utilities. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Computers are ubiquitous in our lives and we expect them to “be there when we need them”. ▪ We give little thought to the processes and programs running behind the scenes to keep them functioning effectively. ▪ Such programs (i.e. operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers) are the system software you learn about here. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Work with end users, application software and computer hardware to handle the technical details. ▪ Includes the operating system, utilities, device drivers, and language translators Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software Consists of four types of programs: ▪ Operating system – coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applications ▪ Utilities – perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources ▪ Device drivers – allow input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system ▪ Language translators – convert programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computer can understand and process Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ A collection of programs that handle technical tasks related to using a computer ▪ Manage resources ▪ Provide user interface ▪ Run applications ▪ Examples: ▪ Windows, Mac OS ▪ Also called the software environment or platform Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 1. Manages computer resources ▪ Start-up the computer : Each time you start or restart a computer, the operating system instructions are loaded, or copied from storage into the computer’s memory (RAM). ▪ Coordinate memory: To optimize the use of random access memory (RAM). The operating system allocates, or assigns, data and instructions to an area of memory while they are being processed. Then, it carefully monitors the contents of memory. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 1. Manages computer resources ▪ Schedule tasks: The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed. Tasks include receiving data from an input device, processing instructions, sending information to an output device, and transferring items from storage to memory and from memory to storage. ▪ Monitor system performance: helps users and administrators identify a problem with resources so that they can try to resolve any problems. Example: If a computer is running extremely slow, the performance monitor may determine that the computer’s memory is being used to its maximum. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 1. Manages computer resources ▪ Provide security: The operating system records successful and unsuccessful logon attempts in a file. This allows the computer or network administrator to review who is using or attempting to use the computer. To protect sensitive data and information as it travels over a network, the operating system may encrypt it. Encryption is the process of encoding data and information into an unreadable form. ▪ Coordinate processing, storage, printersand monitors. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 2. Provides user interface ▪ Allow user to interact with application software and computer hardware. ▪ The user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. ▪ Two types of user interfaces are graphical and command-line: a) Graphical user interface (GUI) : ▪ Use graphic elements such as icons and windows. ▪ With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images such as buttons and other graphical objects to issue commands. ▪ GUI offer visual way to interact with application software and computer hardware. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 2. Provides user interface b) Command line interface: In a command-line interface, a user types commands or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 3. Runs applications ▪ OS load and run applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel. ▪ Support Multitasking, which is able to switch different application stored in memory. ▪ Can have Microsoft Word and Excel running at the same time and switch easily between them. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software 3. Runs applications ▪ Foreground and background applications. Foreground applications: The program that you are currently working on is described as running in the foreground. Background applications: The other program or programs are running in the background. Program that currently Program running in the working on background Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Booting – start or restart a computer ▪ Two ways to boot a computer: 1) Warm boot A warm boot occurs when the computer is already on and you restart it without turning off the power. 2) Cold boot Starting a computer that has been turned off is called a cold boot. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ You typically interact with the operating system through the graphical user interface (GUI). ▪ Most provide a place, called the desktop, that provides access to computer resources Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Features in common with application software ▪ Icons : graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function. ▪ Pointer: controlled by a mouse, trackpad, or touch screen, the pointer changes shape depending on its current function. ▪ Windows: rectangular areas for displaying information and running programs. ▪ Menus: provide a list of options or commands that can be selected. ▪ Tabs : divide menus into major activity areas such as format and page layout. ▪ Dialog boxes : typically provide information or request input. ▪ Help: provides online assistance for operating system functions and procedures. ▪ Gesture control: ability to control operations with finger movements, such as swiping, sliding, and pinching. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Three basic categories 1. Embedded operating systems (handheld) ▪ known as real-time operating systems are entirely stored within (i.e., embedded in) a device. ▪ Control smartwatches, smart phones, video game systems, and thousands of other small electronic devices. ▪ Example: Android, iOS, Apple Watch. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Three basic categories 2. Network operating systems (linked computers) ▪ OS stored on network server which coordinates all communication between the othercomputers that are networked or linked together. ▪ These networks may include other smaller networks and typically connect a variety of different types of computers. ▪ Network operating systems are typically located on one of the connected computers’ hard disks. ▪ Example: Windows Server, Unix, Linux Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Three basic categories 3. Stand-alone operating systems (desktop) ▪ also called desktop operating systems, control a single desktop or laptop computer. ▪ These operating systems are located on the computer’s hard disk. ▪ Example: Apple’s macOS and Microsoft’s Windows. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Every personal computer has an operating system controlling its operations. ▪ The OS is often called the software environment or platform ▪ Almost all application programs are designed to run with a specific platform. ▪ For example, Apple’s iMovie software is designed to run with the macOS environment. ▪ Operating systems commonly used by individuals ▪ Windows – most widely used ▪ Mac OS – powerful and easy to use ▪ UNIX – network environment ▪ LINUX – open source Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ The most popular microcomputer operating system ▪ Its market share is so large, more application programs have been developed to run under Windows than any other operating system. ▪ Windows comes in a variety of different versions and is designed to run with a variety of different microprocessors. ▪ The latest Windows 11 provides several improvements over previous version, which is released on 5th October 2021. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software The latest Windows 11 features : 1. Easier to use Universal search : Select Search on the taskbar and simply start typing what you’d like to find. Accessibility features: Navigate using voice recognition, see what's being said with live captions, or have on-screen text read aloud by a narrator in a natural, human voice. Easy set-up and personalization: Personalise your desktop theme, backgrounds, colours, text, and more to build the perfect creative space to explore your passions. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software The latest Windows 11 features : 2. Easier to be productive Desktop groups : Custom backgrounds and labels help you build a dedicated desktop space for each area of your life. Sync your PC & phone: View notifications, read messages, and dial calls from your PC. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software The latest Windows 11 features : 3. Easier to stay safe Performance and security: It works in combination with your hardware and was designed with multiple layers of protection to help keep your apps, information and privacy secure. Microsoft Edge security: Control over your data and defending against malware, Microsoft Edge can also scan the web to check if your passwords have been compromised. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software Mac OS ▪ Mac OS runs onApple computers, macOS is not as widely used as the Windows operating system. ▪ Popular with graphic designers and desktop publishers. ▪ macOS X is the most widely used Mac desktop operating system. ▪ Two most recent versions: 1. macOS Mojave which was announced in 2018 introduced Dark Mode. With darker color palettes designed to improve image contrast and reduce eye strain. 2. macOS High Sierra which was announced in 2017. provides a new file system for faster, more secure data storage, improved video compression, and virtual reality support. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ UNIX was originally designed in the late 1960s to run on minicomputers in network environment. ▪ Widely used by: ▪ Servers on the Web ▪ Mainframe computers ▪ Microcomputers ▪ Many different version of UNIX Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ OS that extended one of the UNIX version ▪ Programs released in this way are called Open source, which means its code is available to the public for use, modification, and redistribution. ▪ LINUX, a popular and powerful alternative to the Windows OS ▪ Some people download it free from the Web. ▪ Others purchase it from vendors, who bundle their own software with the operating system. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Google Chrome OS based on Linux: ▪ Integrates with web servers to run applications and to perform other traditional operating system functions. ▪ Popular choice for inexpensive notebook using cloud computing ▪ One limitation of these computers is that their efficiency is dependent upon the speed of their Internet connection. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software How to run two or more applications, each requiring a different operating system (OS) ? One solution would be to install each of the operating systems on a different computer. There is, however, a way in which a single physical computer can support multiple operating systems that operate independently. This approach is called virtualization. ▪ Virtualization is ability to support multiple operating systems that can operate independently on a single physical computer. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Virtualization software: ▪ When a single computer run virtualization software, it operates as though it were two or more separate and independent computers, known as virtual machines. ▪ Each virtual machine appears to the user as a separate independent computer with its own operating system. ▪ Users can readily switch between virtual computers and programs running on them. ▪ Host operating system : The operating system of the physical machine. ▪ Guest operating system : The operating system for each virtual machine. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Virtualization software: ▪ There are several programs that create and run virtual machines. ▪ Two such programs, Parallels and VMware, allow a user to run Windows programs in macOS. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Virtualization software: URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBI31dmqSX0 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Mobile OS are type of Embedded operating systemin every smartphone. ▪ Mobile computers—including cell phones, tablets, and wearable computers require an operating system. ▪ These mobile operating systems are less complicated and more specialized for wireless communication. ▪ Someof the best known: ▪ iOS : developed by Apple and based on macOS. It is used as the platform for Apple’s mobile devices, the iPad and iPhone. ▪ Android developed by Google and based on Linux OS It is used as the platform for Samsung, Google Pixel, Oppo, Lenovo. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ A utility program, also called a utility, is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. ▪ Most essentialutilities: a) Search programs: provide a quick and easy way to search or examine an entire computer system to help you find specific applications, data, or other files. can search particular file using your device from all the other apps and files. You will find a search program on mobile operating systems, such as Android and iOS, as well as laptops and desktops running Windows and macOS. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software b) Storage management programs: help solve the problem of running out of storage space by providing lists of application programs, stored videos, and other program files so that you can eliminate unused applications or archive large files elsewhere. can identify and remove unused files and applications. Using these tools, you can eliminate files to give your operating system the space it needs to run at peak efficiency. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software c) Backup programs: make copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged. should be run frequently to avoid the unexpected loss of files from your devices. All major operating systems offer backup utilities to save a copy of your device’s data. d) Antivirus programs: guard your computer system against viruses or other damaging programs that can invade your computer system. Three more popular antivirus programs are McAfee VirusScan, Kaspersky AntiVirus, and AVG, most of which also contains spyware removers, Internet filters, and other utilities. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software e) Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs: recognize and correct problems, ideally before they become serious. f) Virtual assistants : utilities that accept commands through text or speech to allow intuitive interaction with your computer, cell phone, or tablet and coordinate personal data across multiple applications. Example: Microsoft Windows 10 has the virtual assistant Cortana, Apple’s macOS has Siri, and Google has Google Assistant. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software g) Uninstaller : An uninstaller is a utility that removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files. The uninstaller deletes files and folders from the hard disk, as well as removes program entries from the system files. h) Image viewer: allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file. With an image viewer, users can see images without having to open them in a paint or image editing program. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software File History ▪ A folder is a specific named location on a storage medium that contains related documents. ▪ Utility program included with many Windows versions ▪ Makes a copy of all files or selected files that have been saved on a disk ▪ Helps prevent against loss of data in the event of a disk failure Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Identifies and eliminates nonessential files. ▪ Unnecessary files may include downloaded program files, temporary Internet files, deleted files, and unused program files. ▪ Frees up valuable space and improves systemperformance Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ is a utility that reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster. ▪ Fragmentation slows down disk access and thus the performance of the entire computer. ▪ Hence, Defragmenting the disk, or reorganizing it so that the files are stored in contiguous sectors, solves this problem Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Identifies and eliminates unnecessary fragments ▪ Rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations ▪ Speeds up file access Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Combine several programs into one package ▪ Buying the package is less expensive than buying the programs separately. ▪ Some programs will improve your computer’s performance, while other programs will protect your system from dangerous computer viruses. ▪ Popular suites ▪ Norton Utilities ▪ Bit Defender ▪ Kaspersky Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Allow communication between a device and the computer ▪ Loaded into memory each time a computer is started ▪ When a new device is added, new device drivers must be installed ▪ Each device on a computer, such as the mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, and scanner, has its own specialized set of commands and thus requires its own specific driver ▪ Windows already has many drivers within the system software Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  System Software ▪ Security Center ▪ Continually monitors your computer ▪ VirusScan ▪ Controls the frequency of searches for viruses ▪ Quarantines or deletes infected files ▪ PersonalFirewall ▪ Monitors inbound and outbound traffic ▪ SiteAdvisor ▪ Protects privacy online Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.