Chapter 3 - Summary Biopsychology PDF

lOMoARcPSD|49464600 Chapter 3 - Summary Biopsychology Biopsychology (James Madison University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Xiena ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|49464600 Chapter 3 - Summary Biopsychology Biopsychology (James Madison University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Xiena ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49464600 Chapter 3 Layout of Nervous System  CNS o Division of nervous system located within skull and spine o Brain = skull o Spinal cord = spine  Peripheral NS o Located outside skull and spine o Somatic – interacts with external environment  Composed of afferent nerves, carry sensory signals from skin, skeletal muscles, joints, ears, eyes, etc. o Automatic – regulates internal environment  Afferent nerves carry signals from internal organs to CNS  Efferent nerves that carry motor signals from CNS to internal organs  Two kind of efferent nerves  Sympathetic – project from the CNS in lumbar (small of back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of spinal cord  Parasympathetic – project from brain and sacral (lower back) to spinal cord Cells of the Nervous System Anatomy of Neurons  Neurons – cells responsible for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals  External Features o Cell membrane o Dendrites o Axon hillock o Axon o Nodes of Ranvier o Buttons o Synapses o Cell body o Myelin  Internal features o Endoplasmic reticulum o Nucleus Downloaded by Xiena ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49464600 Chapter 3 o Mitochondria o Cytoplasm o Ribosomes o Golgi complex o Microtubes o Synaptic vesicles o Neurotransmitters  Classes of Neurons o Projections emanating from cell bodies – number of axons ? o Multipolar  Neuron with more than two processes extending from cell body o Unipolar  One process extending from cell body o Bipolar  Two processes extending from cell body o Interneurons  Neurons with short or no axons  Integrate neural activity within brain structure, doesn’t conduct signals Glia: The Forgotten Cells  Oligodendrocytes – glial cells with extensions that wrap around axons of some neurons of CNS o Extensions rich in myelin – fatty insulation o Several myelin segments on more than one axon  Schwann Cells – glial cells with extensions that wrap around axons of some neurons in PNS o Only one myelin segment o Can guide axon regrowth after damage, restricted to the PNS  Microglia o Respond to injury/disease by multiplying, engulf debris of entire cells, which triggers inflammatory response  Astrocytes o Extensions cover outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through brain o Allow the passage of chemical from blood into CNS Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions Techniques  Golgi Stain o Used to see the overall shape of neuron  Nissl Stain o Cresly violet Downloaded by Xiena ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49464600 Chapter 3 o Used to estimate number of cell bodies in area o Count the number of Nissl stained dots  Electron microscopy o Provides information about the details of neuron structure o Requires magnification  Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques o Anterograde – forward o Retrograde – backward Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System  In relation to orientation of spinal cord  Anterior o Toward the nose end – the front  Posterior o Toward the tail end – the back  Dorsal o The surface toward the back or top of the head  Ventral o Toward the surface of chest of bottom of head  Medial o Middle of the body  Lateral o Away from the midline, toward the sides  Superior / inferior o Top and bottom of head, respectively  Proximal o Close  Distal o Far  Horizontal, frontal, sagittal sections o Planes o Refers to how to cut the brain Downloaded by Xiena ([email protected])