Building Blocks Of Life PDF

Associationanalytics.com The Building Blocks Of Life By: Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Quizover.com Encoded general trading L.L.C. Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Brick 101 1 Objectives: • Define the building blocks of life • Explain organic compounds • Introduce the functional groups of life • Describe what Isome...

Associationanalytics.com The Building Blocks Of Life By: Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Quizover.com Encoded general trading L.L.C. Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Brick 101 1 Objectives: • Define the building blocks of life • Explain organic compounds • Introduce the functional groups of life • Describe what Isomers, monomers, and polymers are • Explain how to make and breakdown polymers • Identify the macromolecules (biological molecules) family • Describe the structure and function of macromolecules Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 2 What Are The Building Blocks Of Life? • There are six elements that are considered to be the main building blocks of life: ✔ Carbon (C) ✔ Hydrogen (H) ✔ Nitrogen (N) ✔ Oxygen (O) ✔ Phosphorus (P) ✔ Sulfur (S) 4 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili The royal society of chemistry When Do We Call a Molecule “Organic”? • When it contains carbon in its structure Carbon is the most important biological molecule for life (the central element of life) Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 5 The Chemistry Of Carbon • Carbon has 6 neutrons, 6 Protons, and 6 electrons • It has 4 of the the 6 electrons located in the outer shell level • This makes it always ready to form 4 strong bonds with itself or any other atom to form either simple or complex molecules with many shapes and structures Townhomeprofits.ga 6 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Contexo.info Which of the following is not organic molecule? A) C) B) D) Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 7 Functional Groups • Functional groups are groups that are thought to be responsible for the differences in molecular properties • They give functionality (behavior) to the chemical compounds Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 8 Functional Groups Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 8 Name the functional groups that exist in the following molecule: Courses.lumenlearning.com Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 9 Isomers CH • Isomers are molecules that have the same formula (same number and type of atoms) but in different forms: Structural isomers: the molecules have the same molecular formula but atoms are connected differently (different carbon skeleton structure) giving them different physical and chemical properties Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 5 12 Zigya.com 10 Isomers Stereoisomers: The same carbon skeleton but different arrangement of the attached groups Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 11 Isomers • Enantiomers: (Chiral molecules) a sub-category of stereoisomers where molecules are mirror images of each other Study.com Rsc.org Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 12 What type of Isomer do the following molecules represent? Study.com Calsignsolustions.com Structural Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 13 Monomers & Polymers • A Monomer is: one single small molecule (ex. monosaccharides) Mono = one Edited from: exodusescaperoom.om monomer monomer • A Polymer is: monomers linked together (ex. polysaccharides) monomer Poly = multiple (more than one) • Macromolecule is: polymers joined together (ex. carbohydrates) Macro = big Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ monomer A polymer 14 How Are Polymers Made? • Polymers are made by a process called Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis): - When two monomers join together to form a polymer, a water molecule is removed energy - The process needs energy (anabolic reaction) 15.eap.ing.de Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 15 How Are Polymers Broken Down? • Polymers are broken down by a process called Hydrolysis: - When polymers are broken down into monomers, a water molecule is added - The process releases energy (catabolic reaction) Energy Moraritsipanificatie.eu Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 16 Macromolecules (Organic or Biological Molecules) Family • There are four macromolecules that are important for life: Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Proteins Lipid (fats) Slidesshare.net Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 17 Macromolecules (Organic or Biological Molecules) Family Chemistryland.com 18 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1 • Their monomers are monosaccharides (ex. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose) << these are the building blocks • Their polymers are polysaccharides ( ex. Starch and cellulose from plants, glycogen from animals) • Their function include being source of energy (ATP) and to support the structure of some materials (plants) • Their source is bread, rice, pasta…etc. -ose = sugar Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Thenational.ae 20 Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides (the monomer) CH O 6 12 6 Encyclopedia2.the dictionary.com Galactose The basic sugar stored in our bodies Visionlearning.com Glucose The basic sugar stored in our bodies Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Visionlearning.com Fructose The main sugar found in most fruits 21 Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Disaccharides Visionlearning.com Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Lactose Glucose + Galactose Our table sugar Milk sugar Edited from:vectorstok.com 21 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides (the polymer) n is the number of repeating glucose units Visionlearning.com Starch Repeated glucose units Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 22 Macromolecules Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (the polymer) Examples include: - Starch: stored in plants as a source of glucose -energy- later (like in potatoes) - Cellulose: gives plants strength and support (plants fiber) - Glycogen: stored in animals (in the liver and muscles) as a source of energy (if glycogen is stored for too long it turns into fat) Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 23 Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides (the polymer) 24 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Macromolecules Lipids • Lipids are a group of molecules that are water insoluble (hydrophobic) • They are mostly made up of Carbon and Hydrogen ( C-H bonds make it hydrophobic), with some Oxygen • Their monomers include Glycerol and fatty acid chains << these are the building blocks • Their polymers comes in two main groups: Fats (Triglycerides) Phospholipids • Additional groups include steroids (ex. Cholesterol) Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 25 Macromolecules Lipids Fats (Triglycerides) • Composed of one Glycerol and three fatty acids (Tri = three) • They come in two forms: Saturated: - No double bonds between carbon atoms (only single bonds) - Solid at room temperature - Animal origin (ex. Butter and wax) Study.com 26 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Macromolecules Lipids Fats (Triglycerides) Unsaturated: - There is one (mono-unsaturated) or more (poly-unsaturated) double bond between Carbon atoms - liquid at room temperature - Plant origin (ex. Sunflower oil and corn oil) Indiamart.com Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 27 Macromolecules Lipids Fats (Triglycerides) Saturated Vs. Unsaturated fats Co2factor.blogspot.com Dlcdcccd.edu Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 29 What is the name of the following process? Or What is the name of the following formed molecule? - The process is called: Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) - The molecule is Triglycerides Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Slidedplayer.com 30 What is Trans fat • Trans = across • It is a result of hydrogenating (adding hydrogen) fats where the Carbon after the double chain is on the opposite side of the Carbon before the double chain Ex. Margarine Healthline.com Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 31 Macromolecules Lipids Phospholipids • Composed of one Glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group • It contains a polar phosphate head that attracts water (hydrophilic) and non-polar two fatty acid tails that do not attract water (hydrophobic) Ib.bioninja.com.au Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 32 Macromolecules Lipids Phospholipids • Phospholipids cluster together forming a lipid bilayer membrane where the hydrophilic regions (heads) are towards the outside (exposed to the water environment) and the hydrophobic regions (tails) are towards the inside Bi = double Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 32 Macromolecules Lipids • Lipids functions include: being efficient molecules for storing energy Form the biological membrane Insulate and protect some organs Essential for forming some hormones Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 33 Macromolecules Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are made of made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur • Their monomers include nucleotides (5-carbon sugar + phosphate group + Nitrogenous (Nitrogen containing) base): << these are the building blocks - The sugar is either deoxyribose (for DNA) or ribose (for RNA) - Nitrogenous bases include Purines (Adenine & Guanine) and pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil) Only in DNA Only in RNA 34 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 35 Macromolecules Nucleic Acids • Their polymers include DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 36 DNA Structure Ib.bioninja.com.au 37 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Who discovered the DNA double helix structure? Virgil Percec, Qi Xiao, The legacy of Rosalind E. Franklin: Landmark contributions to two Nobel Prizes, Chem, Volume 7, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 529-536, ISSN 2451-9294. RNA structure 39 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Macromolecules Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids functions include: Stores (DNA) and transmit (RNA) genetic information Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 40 Compare between DNA and RNA DNA RNA The sugar is deoxyribose The sugar is ribose Contains Thymine as one of the nitrogenous bases Contains Uracil as one of the nitrogenous bases Double strand Single strand Stores information inside the cell and can never leave the nucleus Copy the DNA gene and carry it to the cytoplasm Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 41 What is the central dogma of biology? heory.labster.com/ Macromolecules Proteins • Proteins are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen • Their monomers include Amino Acids that their structure contain: Central Carbon atom Amino group (functional group) Carboxyl group (functional group) Single hydrogen R group (any atom or group)Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ Socratic.org 43 Macromolecules Proteins • Based on the type of the R group the chemical properties of amino acids can be classified into the following: - Polar - Non-polar - Charged - Aromatic - Special function 44 Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ The 20 Universal Amino Acids ib.bioninja.com.au Macromolecules Proteins Name the following process: • Their polymers include: Dipeptide (two amino acids joined by a peptide bond). Polypeptide (long chain of amino acids). Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 46 Macromolecules Proteins • Denaturation: is when the protein changes in shape or even unfolds completely due to a change in it environment such as PH, temperature, or salt concentration of the surrounding solution • Denatured proteins are usually biologically inactive • Food preservation is an example of denaturation Hyperactivz.com Ib.bioninja.com.au Dr. Alaa Al Helaili Ⓡ 47 What are some examples of protein denaturation?