Chapter 26 Homework - Reina Nuzzaro - PDF

10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro Student: Reina Nuzzaro Instructor: Lisa Armogan Assignment: Chapter 26...

10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro Student: Reina Nuzzaro Instructor: Lisa Armogan Assignment: Chapter 26: Homework Date: 10/01/24 Course: Gen Bio 2 Fall 2024 Mon/ Wed 12377 1. Part A The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to provide nutrients to spores. make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. repel toxic chemicals. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. reduce the dehydration of zygotes. 2. Part A Challenges for survival of the first land plants include I. sources of water. II. sperm transfer. III. desiccation. IV. animal predation. V. lack of structural support. I only ​II, III, and IV only ​I, II,​III, and V only II only 3. Part A Adaptations in plants to life on land include I. rings of​cellulose-synthesizing complexes. II. cuticles. III. tracheids. IV. reduced gametophyte generation. V.​multicellular, dependent embryos. ​I, II,​III, and IV only II and IV only ​II, III,​IV, and V only I only 4. Part A Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more​possible? increased number of chloroplasts in roots increased stomata production increased absorption of mineral nutrients increase of the aboveground stem increased absorption of CO2 https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 1/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 5. Part A Which of the following were benefits to algae in the early oceans of​Earth, compared to the first plants that colonized​land? 1. no scarcity of water 2. less solar damage to tissues 3. the need for structural support 4. more plentiful dissolved carbon dioxide ​1, 2,​3, and 4 ​1, 2, and 4 ​1, 2, and 3 only 1 and 2 only 6. Part A The closest algal relatives of land plants are​__________. rhodophytes phaeophytes charophytes dinoflagellates bacillariophytes 7. Part A Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto​land? rings of​cellulose-synthesizing complexes alternation of generations apical meristems the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration 8. Part A The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always​__________. produces haploid spores produces eggs and sperm is called the gametophyte develops from a spore is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 2/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 9. Part A Select the correct statement about plant life cycles. At some point in the life cycle of all​plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent. Over evolutionary​time, the sporophyte has replaced the gametophyte in plant life cycles. Meiosis in plant life cycles is a sexual​process, producing gametes. 10. Part A Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and​plants? predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls continental drift and mode of spore dispersal periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape presence of​"coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells 11. Part A Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi​(fungi featuring​hyphae)? They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. They have symbiotic relationships with nucleariids. They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. 12. Part A The vegetative​(nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are I. composed of hyphae. II. referred to as a mycelium. III. usually underground. I only II only III only II and III only ​I, II, and III https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 3/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 13. Part A What do fungi and arthropods have in​common? The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. The haploid state is dominant in both groups. Both groups have cell walls. 14. Part A All fungi are​__________. flagellated heterotrophic decomposers symbiotic 15. Part A Among the organisms listed​here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of​fungi? animals vascular plants mosses slime molds 16. Part A Which of the following is a difference between plants and​fungi? Fungi are strictly​asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Plants have diploid and haploid​phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi have cell walls. Plants produce spores. 17. Part A Fungi obtain nutrients through​__________. photosynthesis endocytosis chemosynthesis absorption ingestion https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 4/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 18. Part A The body of most fungi consists of threadlike​__________, which form a network called a​__________. mycelia... dikaryon hyphae... mycelium sporangia... dikaryon hyphae... chytrid mycelia... hypha 19. Part A What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic​variation? haustoria and karyogamy diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition karyogamy and meiosis plasmogamy and meiosis budding and meiosis 20. Part A Fungi of the clade Ascomycetes are recognized on the basis of their production of​__________ during sexual reproduction. a dikaryotic structure yeasts flagellated zoospores lichens saclike structures 21. Part A An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is​mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners​__________. help plants take up nutrients and water control soil nematodes sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants provide carbohydrates to the plant partner cause the decay of cellulose and lignin https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 5/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 22. Part A Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on​land? an unbranched sporophyte a dominant gametophyte a chitinous cuticle the presence of photosystem II a​well-developed vascular system 23. Part A If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years​ago, and then again 300 million years ago​(at the close of the Carboniferous​period), what trends would they have noticed in​Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this​period? 1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes 2. a trend from no true leaves to microphylls to megaphylls 3. a trend from plants that grow just above the soil surface to​"overtopping" plants 4. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems 1 and 3 only 3 and 4 only ​1, 2, and 3 only ​1, 2,​3, and 4 24. Part A Most​bryophytes, such as​mosses, differ from all other plants in that they​__________. have flagellated sperm have cones but no seeds lack true leaves and roots do not produce flowers produce spores 25. Part A What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow​tall? the waxy cuticle lignified vascular tissue leaves rhizoids sporophylls https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 6/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 26. Part A How have fruits contributed to the success of​angiosperms? by nourishing the plants that make them by facilitating dispersal of seeds by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat by attracting insects to the pollen inside 27. Part A Which of the following flower parts develops into a​seed? ovule stamen ovary fruit 28. Part A The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm​cells? meiosis binary fission mitosis plasmogamy 29. Part A What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous​(fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other​means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the​animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH environments. 4. The seed​coat, upon its complete​digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the​animals' digestive enzymes. 2 and 3 only 1 and 2 only 3 and 5 only ​3, 4, and 5 only 4 only https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 7/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 30. Part A Which​trait(s) is​(are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and​angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. endosperm 1 only ​1, 2, and 3 only ​1, 3, and 4 only 1 and 3 only 2 only 31. Part A Which of the following can be found in​gymnosperms? pollen fruits ​non-fertile flower parts carpels 32. Part A The colonization of dry land environments by seed plants was made possible by the evolution of​__________. roots sporophylls ovules cones pollen 33. Part A In​gymnosperms, megaspores develop into​__________. female sporophytes female gametophytes male gametophytes ovulate cones pollen grains https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 8/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 34. Part A Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have​__________. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations a sporophyte phase flowers seeds a vascular system 35. Part A Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a​consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass​flower? carpels stamens anthers ovaries petals 36. Part A Human survival literally depends on the produce of​__________. angiosperms cycads ginkgoes gymnosperms gnetophytes 37. Part A What is the greatest threat to plant​diversity? insects grazing and browsing by animals pathogenic fungi competition with other plants human population growth https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 9/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 38. Part A In both lichens and​mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic​partner? fixed nitrogen carbohydrates water and minerals antibiotics 39. Part A Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants. Which of the following is an example of such a​relationship? All answer choices are correct. Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. Fungi can help increase heat tolerance in plants. Endophytes can help increase heavy metal tolerance in plants. Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants. 40. Before beginning this​chapter, you should be able to explain the process of photosynthesis​(see the figure​below). The following question provides a quick check of your basic knowledge in this area. Part A Which of the following chemical equations summarizes the reactions in​photosynthesis? 6CO2​+ 6O2→ Light energy​+ C6H12O6​+ 6H2O C6H12O6​+ 6O2→ Light energy​+ 6CO2​+ 6H2O Light energy​+ 6CO2​+ 6H2O → C6H12O6​+ 6O2 Light energy​+ 6O2​+ C6H12O6→ 6H2O ​+ 6CO2 https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 10/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 41. Before beginning this​chapter, you should be able to explain what decomposers are and how they affect ecosystems​(see the figure​below). The following question provides a quick check of your basic knowledge in this area. Part A Which of the following statements about decomposers is​true? They are detrimental to ecosystems where they are found. They include only prokaryotic species. They break down waste​products, leaf​litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. They are autotrophs. https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 11/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 42. Part A In the​figure, which structure produces haploid gametes by​mitosis? zygote spore sporophyte gametophyte https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 12/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 43. Part A In the​figure, which structure produces haploid spores by meiosis? gametophyte sporophyte zygote gamete https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 13/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 44. Part A In the figure of the generalized life cycle for land​plants, which processes can result in haploid​structures? mitosis and meiosis ​fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis mitosis only meiosis only 45. Part A Which of the following is true about the timing of the colonization of land in the evolution of​life? The colonization of land was one of the first events in the history of life. For much of the history of​life, land was only occupied by​prokaryotes, cyanobacteria, and protists. All of the original species of plants and animals that first colonized land are still present today. Plants had formed forests before animals started colonizing land. https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 14/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 46. Part A The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to provide nutrients to spores. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. reduce the dehydration of zygotes. repel toxic chemicals. make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. 47. Part A Challenges for survival of the first land plants include I. sources of water. II. sperm transfer. III. desiccation. IV. animal predation. V. lack of structural support. ​II, III, and IV only I only ​I, II,​III, and V only II only 48. Part A Adaptations in plants to life on land include I. rings of​cellulose-synthesizing complexes. II. cuticles. III. tracheids. IV. reduced gametophyte generation. V.​multicellular, dependent embryos. I only ​II, III,​IV, and V only ​I, II,​III, and IV only II and IV only 49. Part A Which of the following were benefits to algae in the early oceans of​Earth, compared to the first plants that colonized​land? 1. no scarcity of water 2. less solar damage to tissues 3. the need for structural support 4. more plentiful dissolved carbon dioxide 1 and 2 only ​1, 2, and 3 only ​1, 2,​3, and 4 ​1, 2, and 4 https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 15/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 50. Part A The closest algal relatives of land plants are __________. phaeophytes charophytes dinoflagellates bacillariophytes rhodophytes 51. Part A Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto​land? the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration rings of​cellulose-synthesizing complexes apical meristems alternation of generations 52. Part A The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always​__________. is called the gametophyte produces haploid spores produces eggs and sperm develops from a spore is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 16/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 53. Can you complete these sentences about the structures involved in angiosperm​reproduction? Part A Place the terms to their correct locations to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. sepal 1. In flowering​plants, meiosis in​a(n) produces spores that develop into the male gametophytes. 2. A male​gametophyte, which produces​sperm, is also known as​a(n). 3. Meiosis in​a(n) results in a spore that develops into a female​gametophyte, which produces an egg. 4. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on​a(n). 5. After fertilization​occurs, an ovule develops into​a(n). 6. When​a(n) ​matures, it becomes a fruit. https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 17/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 54. Can you label a diagram of the alternation of generations life​cycle? Part A Place the labels into this diagram of the alternation of generations life cycle. Place labels of Group 1 to identify the processes involved in the life cycle. Place labels of Group 2 to identify the structures involved in the life cycle. Labels can be used more than once. mitosis Group 1 Group 1 fertilization Group 2 meiosis Group 2 Group 1 gametes ​(n​) sporophyte plant ​(2n​) Group 1 spores ​(n​) Group 1 Group 2 55. Part A Select the correct statement about plant life cycles. Meiosis in plant life cycles is a sexual​process, producing gametes. Over evolutionary​time, the sporophyte has replaced the gametophyte in plant life cycles. At some point in the life cycle of all​plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent. 56. Part A Early plants lacked roots and leaves. What adaptation allowed them to absorb nutrients from the​soil? sporopollenin the cuticle the trait of being multicellular symbiotic relationship with fungi https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 18/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 57. Part A Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and​plants? periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls continental drift and mode of spore dispersal presence of​"coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells 58. Part A Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi​(fungi featuring​hyphae)? They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. They have symbiotic relationships with nucleariids. They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. 59. Part A The vegetative​(nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are I. composed of hyphae. II. referred to as a mycelium. III. usually underground. I only II only III only II and III only ​I, II, and III 60. Part A Which of the following is true about fungal​reproduction? I. Many fungi can produce spores either sexually or asexually. II. Spore germination produces mycelium. III. The mycelium is haploid. I only II only III only ​I, II, and III https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 19/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 61. Part A Which​description(s) apply(ies) equally well to fungal spores produced both sexually and​asexually? I. They are typically dispersed by wind and water. II. Spores that germinate produce new mycelium. III. They are produced in large numbers. I only II only III only I and II only ​I, II, and III 62. Part A Plasmogamy of 2 mycelia results in which of the​following? I. a cell with a single haploid nucleus II. cells with 2 haploid nuclei​(one from each​parent) III. cells with two diploid nuclei​(one from each​parent) I only II only III only I and II only 63. Part A What do fungi and arthropods have in​common? The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. Both groups have cell walls. Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. The haploid state is dominant in both groups. 64. Part A All fungi are​__________. flagellated heterotrophic decomposers symbiotic https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 20/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 65. Part A Among the organisms listed​here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of​fungi? mosses slime molds vascular plants animals 66. Part A Which of the following is a difference between plants and​fungi? Fungi are strictly​asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. Plants have diploid and haploid​phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Plants produce spores. Fungi have cell walls. 67. Part A Fungi obtain nutrients through​__________. ingestion absorption endocytosis photosynthesis chemosynthesis 68. Part A The body of most fungi consists of threadlike​__________, which form a network called a​__________. sporangia... dikaryon hyphae... chytrid mycelia... dikaryon hyphae... mycelium mycelia... hypha https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 21/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 69. Part A What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic​variation? karyogamy and meiosis budding and meiosis diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition haustoria and karyogamy plasmogamy and meiosis 70. Part A Fungi of the clade Ascomycetes are recognized on the basis of their production of​__________ during sexual reproduction. lichens yeasts flagellated zoospores saclike structures a dikaryotic structure 71. Part A An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is​mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners​__________. provide carbohydrates to the plant partner control soil nematodes help plants take up nutrients and water sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants cause the decay of cellulose and lignin https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 22/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 72. Part A Most fungi are​_____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs Watch the animation1. Then answer the questions. Fungi obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter. Part B Fungi release digestive enzymes into their​_____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia Fungi then absorb the digested nutrients. Part C Basidia produce spores by a process known as​_____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission 1: http://https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-campbell-fungal-reproduction-nutrition https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 23/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 73. Can you match the vocabulary terms with their​descriptions? Part A Place the terms in the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences. 1. The uptake of small nutrient molecules from the environment is known as. 2. One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus is called a. 3. The densely branched network of fungal filaments is a. 4. A is a close association of fungi and plant roots that is beneficial to both. 5. An organism that derives its nutrition from a living host is called a. 74. Part A Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on​land? a dominant gametophyte the presence of photosystem II a chitinous cuticle a​well-developed vascular system an unbranched sporophyte 75. Part A Which of the following characteristics allowed plants to grow​tall? lignified vascular tissue the property of being multicellular flagellated sperm the ability to photosynthesize https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 24/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 76. Part A In seedless​plants, a fertilized egg will develop into​__________. a sporophyte spores a fruit a gametophyte gametes 77. Part A Seedless plants include​__________. only lycophytes and monilophytes mosses and angiosperms bryophytes and gymnosperms only nonvascular plants ​bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 25/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 78. Part A What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow​tall? the waxy cuticle leaves sporophylls rhizoids lignified vascular tissue https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 26/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 79. Click the image below to listen to the MP3 Tutor Session. You can also download the MP32 or view the text of the tutor session3 to read while you are listening. Part A Estimated​time: 8​minutes, 52 seconds. Which of the following options lists the correct sequence of the After you have listened to the tutor​session, answer the questions. appearance of the four major groups of plants in the fossil​record, from most ancestral to most​recent? seedless vascular​plants, bryophytes,​gymnosperms, angiosperms ​ ryophytes, seedless vascular​plants, b gymnosperms, angiosperms ​ ryophytes, gymnosperms, seedless b vascular​plants, angiosperms ​ ryophytes, seedless vascular​plants, b angiosperms, gymnosperms Part B Which of the following evolutionary adaptations contributed to the ability of bryophytes to colonize​land? waxy cuticle flowers vascular tissue seeds Part C What is the function of vascular tissue in​plants? to pump blood throughout the plant to produce water to convert seawater to freshwater to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant Part D The main evolutionary advantage of pollen is​______________. providing a food source for developing seeds giving flowers color protection from potential herbivores the ability to transport male gametes without water Part E Which of the following is an example of an​angiosperm? pine tree oak tree fern moss 2 M I f https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 27/28 10/1/24, 9:24 PM Chapter 26: Homework-Reina Nuzzaro 3: More Info 80. Part A How have fruits contributed to the success of​angiosperms? by attracting insects to the pollen inside by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat by nourishing the plants that make them by facilitating dispersal of seeds 81. Part A Which of the following flower parts develops into a​seed? stamen fruit ovule ovary 82. Part A Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy​fruit? stigma ovule style ovary 83. Part A Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their​success? fruits enclosing seeds dominant gametophytes wind pollination embryos enclosed within seed coats https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 28/28