Chapter 24: Coronary Circulation Disorders PDF

‭ HAPTER 24: CORONARY CIRCULATION DISORDERS‬ C ‭Coronary artery disease results in a reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients‬ ‭Diagnosis includes presence of dysrhythmia, blood tests, stress test, echocardiography, SPECT‬ ‭Treatment includes lifestyle changes, hypertension management, lipid lowering...

‭ HAPTER 24: CORONARY CIRCULATION DISORDERS‬ C ‭Coronary artery disease results in a reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients‬ ‭Diagnosis includes presence of dysrhythmia, blood tests, stress test, echocardiography, SPECT‬ ‭Treatment includes lifestyle changes, hypertension management, lipid lowering therapy, anxiety management‬ ‭ yocardial ischemia and infarction is often characterized by atherosclerosis which causes narrowed coronary arteries. Decrease‬ M ‭blood flow, fracture in fibrous cap, and superficial erosion of intima. Because of the disruption on coronary blood flow, there is an‬ ‭imbalance among o2 supply, demand, and consumption‬ ‭Stable angina‬ ‭Unstable angina‬ ‭ ccurs with increase myocardial oxygen demand and‬ S‭ ometimes referred to acute coronary syndrome and causes‬ O ‭reduced blood flow during exertion or emotional‬ ‭unexpected chest pain, usually during rest‬ ‭stress‬ ‭Does not respond well to low dose nitroglycerin and can lead to MI‬ ‭Clinical manifestation are related to exertion and‬ ‭if not treated quickly‬ ‭resolve with rest r short acting nitroglycerin‬ ‭The most common cause is reduced blood flow to heat muscles‬ ‭Treatment includes risk factor modification, ASA‬ ‭because the coronary arteries are narrowed by atherosclerosis‬ ‭medication, antihypertensives (beta blockers)‬ ‭Symptoms are similar to an MI‬ ‭ oronary microvascular disease involves damage to walls and of small coronary arteries with the cause not clearly understood‬ C ‭Clinical manifestation includes angina in absence of myocardial ischemia‬ S‭ pecific acute coronary syndromes are active form of CAD with three different subtypes‬ ‭Risk factors include CA and other triggers, CAD most commonly progresses to its actual form‬ ‭ on ST segment elevation acute‬ N ‭coronary syndrome‬ S‭ T segment elevation myocardial‬ ‭infarction‬ ‭NSTEMI and unstable angina‬ ‭Most precise definition of heart attack‬ ‭ isk factor is smoking‬ R ‭Severe chest lasting more than 20‬ ‭minutes‬ ‭ revention of death requires recognition‬ P ‭reperfusion treatment and management‬ T‭ reatment include supplemental o2,‬ ‭nitroglycerin, morphine sulfate, beta‬ ‭blockers‬ ‭ anifestation includes classic chest pain‬ M ‭and dyspnea, malaise and fatigue,‬ ‭radiating pain‬ T‭ reatment is PCI, CABG, antiplatelet‬ ‭therapies, anticoagulation agents,‬ ‭morphine for pain‬ ‭ entricular aneurysm is a defect in the left or right ventricle ll and it cause bulging outward during systole and diastole, result of MI‬ V ‭Treatment is aneurysmectomy and management of complications‬ ‭ ericarditis and dressler syndrome is the swelling and inflammation of pericardium that results from injury‬ P ‭Occurs 2-3 weeks after MO with unknown pathogenesis, autoimmune with manifestations including chest pain worsening with‬ ‭deep inspiration, coughing, swallowing, or lying in supine position‬ ‭Treatment includes hospitalization for management and observation of possible cardiac tamponade, aspirin‬ ‭Cardiac tamponade involves increased pericardial pressure b/c blood or fluid buildup between myocardium and pericardium‬ ‭ ulse paradox is an abnormally large decrease in stroke volume systolic blood pressure and pulse wave amplitude during‬ P ‭inspiration, a normal fall in pressure is less than 10mmHg (checked with apical heart beat while feeling radial pulse)‬ ‭Valvular disorders involves disruption of blood flow through atria and ventricles‬ ‭‬ ‭Stenosis - narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood‬ ‭‬ ‭Regurgitation - leaflets fail to close correctly and are unable to prevent backflow of blood‬ ‭Risk factors are older age, femal, large infarct size, heart failure, history of ACS or CAD‬ ‭When is it mild or moderate there are no symptoms but when acute severe it can lead to SOB, fatigue, murmurs, pulmonary‬ ‭edema, shock‬ ‭Treatment involves surgery, treatment of coexisting disease, diuretics, vasodilators,‬ ‭ itral regurgitation is when the mitral valve doesn’t shut all the way and blood can leak back into the left atrium‬ M ‭Mitral valve prolapse is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve does not close smoothly of evenly and instead‬ ‭bulges upward into the left atrium‬ ‭Pts may not experience symptoms unless servers and stroke is a risk if blood backs up and becomes static, clots can form‬ ‭ itral valve stenosis is the narrowing of the heart's mitral valve, does not open properly and bocks flow into the left ventricle‬ M ‭Symptoms progress slowly over time - SOB especially with exertion or lying down, fatigue especially during exercise, swollen legs‬ ‭or feet, palpitation, dizziness/ fainting‬ ‭ ortic stenosis is related to the aortic valve of the heart which controls blood flow to the rest of the body and a critical component‬ A ‭of successful blood flow is the ability of the aortic valve to open wide and close tight. It is often calcium buildup that causes the‬ ‭shrinkage‬ ‭ ortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close tightly and allows some of the blood that was pumped out of the‬ A ‭left ventricle to leak back into it, can prevent the heart form efficiently pumping blood to the rest of the body‬ ‭Hyperlipidemia -overall high cholesterol, Hypercholesterolemia - high ldl‬ ‭Heart attack (blockage and ischemia) is not cardiac arrest (heart just stops) NOT THE SAME‬