Chapter 2: Systems Analysis and Design PDF

Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 1  Investigating System Requirements Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 7th Ed...

Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 1  Investigating System Requirements Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 7th Ed Satzinger, Jackson & Burd Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 2: Outline Systems Analysis Activities What Are Requirements? Stakeholders Information-Gathering Techniques Models and Modeling Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3 Learning Objectives Describe the activities of systems analysis Explain the difference between functional and nonfunctional requirements Identify and understand different kinds of stakeholders and their contributions to requirements definition Describe information-gathering techniques and determine when each is best applied Describe the role of models in systems analysis Develop UML activity diagrams to model workflows Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4 Overview Chapter 1 introduced the system development lifecycle (SDLC) and demonstrated its use for a small project This chapter expands the SDLC processes to cover a wider range of concepts, tools and techniques Core process 3: Discover and understand the details of the problem or need—is the main focus of systems analysis Systems analysis activities are detailed in this chapter Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 Systems Analysis Activities: Involve discovery and understanding Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6 Systems Analysis Activities (2 of 2) Gather Detailed Information Interviews, questionnaires, documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions Define Requirements Modeling functional requirements and non-functional requirements Prioritize Requirements Essential, important, vs. nice to have Develop User-Interface Dialogs Flow of interaction between user and system Evaluate Requirements with Users User involvement, feedback, adapt to changes Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7 What Are Requirements? System Requirements = Functional requirements Non-functional requirements Functional Requirements– the activities the system must perform Business uses, functions the users carry out Non-Functional Requirements– other system characteristics Constraints and performance goals Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 FURPS+ Requirements Acronym (1 of 2) Functional requirements Usability requirements Reliability requirements Performance requirements Security requirements + even more categories… Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 FURPS+ Requirements Acronym (2 of 2) Requirement categories FURPS categories Example requirements Functional Functions Business rules and processes User interface, ease of use Usability Reliability Failure rate, recovery methods Nonfunctional Performance Security Response time, throughput Access controls, encryption Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10 Additional Requirements Categories Design constraints – Specific restrictions for hardware and software Implementation requirements Specific languages, tools, protocols, etc. Interface requirements Interface links to other systems Physical requirements Physical facilities and equipment constraints Supportability requirements Automatic updates and enhancement methods Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11 Stakeholders: Who do you involve and talk to? Stakeholders– persons who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system Internal Stakeholders– persons within the organization External stakeholders – persons outside the organization Operational stakeholders – persons who regularly interact with the system Executive stakeholders– persons who don’t directly interact, but use the information or have financial interest Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12 Stakeholders of a comprehensive accounting system for public company Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13 Information Gathering Techniques Interviewing users and other stakeholders Distributing and collecting questionnaires Reviewing inputs, outputs, and documentation Observing and documenting business procedures Researching vendor solutions Collecting active user comments and suggestions Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14 Interviewing Users and Other Stakeholders Prepare detailed questions Meet with individuals or groups of users Obtain and discuss answers to the questions Document the answers Follow up as needed in future meetings or interviews Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15 Themes for Information Gathering Questions Theme Questions to users What are the business operations and What do you do? processes? How do you do it? How should those operations be What steps do you follow? performed? How could they be done differently? What information do you use? What information is needed to perform What inputs do you use? those operations? What outputs do you produce? Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16 Preparing for the Interview (1 of 2) Before Establish the objective for the interview. Determine correct user(s) to be involved. Determine project team members to participate. Build a list of questions and issues to be discussed. Review related documents and materials. Set the time and location. Inform all participants of objective, time, and locations. During Arrive on time. Look for exception and error conditions. Probe for details. Take thorough notes. Identify and document unanswered items or open questions. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17 Preparing for the Interview (2 of 2) After Review notes for accuracy, completeness, and understanding. Transfer information to appropriate models and documents. Identify areas needing further clarification. Thank the participants. Follow up on open and unanswered questions. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18 Interview Session Agenda (1 of 2) Discussion and Interview Agenda Setting Objective of Interview Determine processing rules for sales commission rates Date, Time, and Location April 21, 2016, at 9:00 a.m. in William McDougal’s office User Participants (names and titles/positions) William McDougal, vice president of marketing and sales, and several of his staff Project Team Participants Mary Ellen Green and Jim Williams Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19 Interview Session Agenda (2 of 2) Interview/Discussion 1. Who is eligible for sales commissions? 2. What is the basis for commissions? What rates are paid? 3. How is commission for returns handled? 4. Are there special incentives? Contests? Programs based on time? 5. Is there a variable scale for commissions? Are there quotas? 6. What are the exceptions? Follow-Up Important decisions or answers to questions See attached write-up on commission policies Open items not resolved with assignments for solution See Item numbers 2 and 3 on open items list Date and time of next meeting or follow-up session April 28, 2016, at 9:00 a.m. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20 Keeping an Open Items List Date Target Responsible User ID Issue title Comments identified end date project person contact Partial Jason Ship partials or wait 1 6-12-2016 7-15-2016 Jim Williams shipments Nadold for full shipment? Are commissions Returns and William 2 7-01-2016 9-01-2016 Jim Williams recouped on commissions McDougal returns? How to handle Extra Mary Ellen William 3 7-01-2016 8-01-2016 commissions on commissions Green McDougal special promotions? 21 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Distribute and Collect Questionnaires Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22 Review Inputs, Outputs, and Procedures Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23 Additional Techniques Observe and Document Business Processes Watch and learn Document with Activity diagram (next section) Research Vendor Solutions See what others have done for similar situations White papers, vendor literature, competitors Collect Active User Comments and Suggestions Feedback on models and tests Users know it when they see it Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 24 Models and Modeling How do we define requirements? After collecting information, create models Model– a representation of some aspect of the system being built Types of Models Textual model– something written down, described Graphical models– diagram, schematic Mathematical models– formulas, statistics, algorithms Unified Modeling Language (UML) Standard graphical modeling symbols/terminology used for information systems Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 25 Reasons for Modeling Learning from the modeling process Reducing complexity by abstraction Remembering all the details Communicating with other development team members Communicating with a variety of users and stakeholders Documenting what was done for future maintenance/enhancement Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 26 Some Analysis and Design Models Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 27 Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams Workflow– sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request Activity Diagram– describes user (or system) activities, the person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities Useful for showing a graphical model of a workflow A UML diagram Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 28 Activity Diagrams Symbols Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 29  Activity Diagram for RMO Order Fulfillment Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 30 Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 31 Summary (1 of 4) Systems analysis activates correspond to the core SDLC process Discover and understand details System projects originate from the information system strategic plan, which contains an technology architecture plan and an application architecture plan The RMO CSMS Project will be used throughout the text as an example of analysis and design Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 32 Summary (2 of 4) Systems analysis involves defining system requirements– functional and non-functional Analysis activities include Gather detailed information Define requirements Prioritize requirements Develop user-interface dialogs Evaluate requirements with users FURPS+ is the acronym for functional, usability, reliability, performance, and security requirements Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 33 Summary (3 of 4) Stakeholders are the people who have an interest in the success of the project There are internal vs. external stakeholders and operational vs. executive stakeholders Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 34 Summary (4 of 4) Information gathering techniques are used to collect information about the project Interviews, questionnaires, reviewing documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions The UML Activity Diagram is used to document (model) workflows after collecting information Models and modeling are used to explore and document requirements Unified Modeling Language (U ML) is the standard set of notations and terminology for information systems models Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 2 ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 35