Chapter 2 Ethics PDF

Ethics CHAPTER 2 ISO 9001:2015 Certified Ethics Also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. ISO 9001:2015 Certified Differenc...

Ethics CHAPTER 2 ISO 9001:2015 Certified Ethics Also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. ISO 9001:2015 Certified Difference between Ethics and Morals - Ethics are when a person decides what is right, wrong, good or bad. - Morals are people’s ideas about what is good or bad ISO 9001:2015 Certified  What do we mean by the term Ethics? Ethics looks at how we “behave and function within society” (Thompson et al, 2006:36) Its aim is to challenge Ethics is a our thoughts and process of actions. reflection.ISO 9001:2015 Certified (Hugman, 2005) (Berlund, 2007)  Ethics are very personal It is about how you live your life in relation to others. It’s about the choices you make and why. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Role Models Ourselves Community/Society Politics/Laws Professional WHO INFLUENCES Bodies/Codes of Education ETHICS IN OUR LIVES Conduct Workplace Friends Family Religion/Spirituality ISO 9001:2015 Certified Different Kinds of Ethics ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Business Ethics Business ethics is how a business work every day in the world. A lot of business ethics is about money, Big corporations may pay a lot of money to bosses and not much to lower workers ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Environmental Ethics Concerned about the world we live in and the environment. For example: cutting down forests, energy efficiency vehicles, oil drilling, etc. Environmental ethics are very important as humans continue to use the world’s natural resources too quickly. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Medical Ethics Medical ethics is how medical professionals (doctors, nurses, psychologists, etc.) decide what is right or wrong for their patients. The Hippocratic Oath. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Work Ethics Work ethic is the most famous type of ethic. A person with a “good’ work ethic works hard, keeps trying, is not lazy, and thinks hard work is good for you. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Animal Ethics Popular as “animal rights.” Animal ethics means animals should be treated as good as people. Many people think animals should not be used for food, clothing, entertainment or research subjects. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Ethics Helps Decision Making Everyday we are faced with making decisions. Sometimes these decisions are clear cut and there is only one choice to be made. At other times we are faced with a range of options, many of which may seem equally valid equally unsatisfactory (Stonehouse, 2012). Therefore, by applying ethical thinking will assist us in making a better choice. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Law & Ethics/ Ethics & Law Law is the law!!! The ethics of a society should influence the laws that society makes. Ethics over time should change laws. However, the law is always the law no matter your ethical beliefs are and must be followed. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Respect for Autonomy Beauchamp and Justice Beneficence Childress (2009) Four Ethical Principles. Non-maleficence ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Respect for Autonomy Autonomy can be defined as “self-rule with no control, undue influence or interference from other” (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010:29). It is about respecting other peoples wishes and supporting them in their decisions. (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009) ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Beneficence This can be defined as “the principle of doing good and providing care to others”. (Berlund, 2007:12) Promotion of well-being (Edwards, 2009) As employees are we properly trained and competent to carry out the tasks we are providing to our children/families/clients/customers? Do we always follow policies and procedures? ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Non-maleficence “obligation not to inflict harm on others” (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009:149). Goes hand in hand with beneficence. However, do we sometimes cause short term harm for long term good? ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Justice Simply defined as “equal treatment of equal cases” (Hendrick. 2004:7) Treating everyone the same. However, some people need to be treated differently if they require special care over and above what other people may need. Justice is about meeting everyone’s individual needs fairly. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Fairness Rowson (2006) Results Ethical Framework Autonomy F.A.I.R Integrity ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Fairness Linked to the idea of justice. Providing benefits ▪ Social welfare, education, healthcare, protection, opportunities. Distributing burdens ▪ Exclusion of benefits, allocation of responsibilities. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Respect For Autonomy Professional should Not prevent people from carrying out decisions they make for themselves about: ▪ What they ought to do ▪ What they will do ▪ What should be done to them ▪ What should be done with information about them Enable others to make autonomous decisions. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Integrity Acting with professional integrity means: One’s actions are the same as your professional values. Example: Maintaining confidentiality, working in some one's best interests. Simply put, it is when you do matches what you believe. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Seeking the most beneficial and least harmful consequences, or Results Two Aims: 1. Producing as many benefits as possible. 2. Avoiding causing, or preventing, as much harm as possible. ISO 9001:2015 Certified Two more concepts which are not linked to either ethical framework, but which are important are the ideas of: Veracity & Fidelity ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Veracity It is concerned with being open, honest and truthful with people (Berglund, 2007) It is also the accurate transfer of information in a way that is suitable for the individual to understand (Edwards, 2009). “This is not always an easy principle to maintain when you are asked difficult questions or your answer may be distressing” (Stonehouse, 2012:250) ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Fidelity Is the relationship that exists between individuals. Fidelity is about: Being Faithful Keeping promises Always doing what is right Being trustworthy Confidential Showing respect and dignity Respecting autonomy Acting in their best interest ISO 9001:2015 Certified Two sets of Ethical Principles: There are two main ethical theories Deontology Consequentialism ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Deontology The rightness or wrongness of any act depends on whether the person has followed their duty regardless of the consequences. More concerned with motive than results. Actions are good or bad in advance of their performance. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Consequentialism The rightness or wrongness of any act is judged in relation to its consequences. Only concerned with results. The same act may be good or bad in different circumstances. The aim is to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  A 10 step process model for ethical decision- making 1. Stop, think and identify the situation or problem 2. Construct a description 3. Whose problem, is it? 4. Review in terms of Ethical Framework 5. Consider legal, moral principles and values 6. Identify the support that is available ISO 9001:2015 Certified  A 10 step process model for ethical decision- making 7. Identify courses of action 8. Select course of action 9. Evaluate the outcome (with the use of supervision where appropriate) 10.Regularly check the personal impact of these events ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Professional Ethics A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized high educational training, the purpose of which is to supply objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation. Professional ethics encompass the personal and corporate standards of behavior expected of professionals. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Transparency Integrity Accountability Honesty Components/Qu Confidentiality alities Obedience to the Objectivity Law Respectfulness ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Honesty Refers to a facet of moral character and denotes positive, virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, and straightforwardness along with the absence of lying, cheating, or theft. “Honesty is the best policy. If I lose mine honor, I lose myself.” -William Shakespeare ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Integrity Concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Integrity can be regarded as the opposite of hypocrisy, that it regards internal consistency as a virtue. The word “integrity” derived from the Latin adjective integer that means “wholeness”. “Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.” -Samuel Johnson ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Transparency Is a general quality. It is implemented by a set of policies, practices and procedures. It allow citizens to have accessibility, usability, utility, understandability, informativeness and auditability of information and process held by centers of authority (society or organizations). “A lack of transparency results in distrust and deep sense of insecurity.” -Dalai Lama ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Confidentiality is an ethical principle of discretion associated with professions, such as medicine, law, psychotherapy. In law, and mediation, there exist communications between the client and the professional, which are “privileges” communications. In business, the confidentiality of information, a mainstream adaptation of the “need to know’ In military, it is basic to the security of corporate information. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Confidentiality Confidentiality regarding: 1. Whose interests 2. Which interests “In intelligence work, there are limits to the amount of Confidential information of: information one can share. 1. Worker Confidentiality is essential.” 2. Employer -Gijs de Vries 3. Colleague 4. Competitor ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Objectivity Is a principle of journalistic professionalism In journalism, objectivity may be synonymous with neutrality. Objectivity in journalism enables highly accelerated news reporting and delivery, which sometimes is at tension with standards of objectivity. “The belief in objectivity is a faith in ‘facts,’ a distrust in ‘values’, and a commitment to their segregation.” -Michael Schudson ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Respectfulness Gives a positive feeling of esteem for a person and conduct representative of that esteem. Respect can be specific feeling of regard for the actual qualities of the one respected. Rude conduct is a usually considered to indicate a lack of respect, disrespect, whereas actions that honor somebody of something indicate respect. The opposite of respect is contempt. “I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the president of the university.” -Albert Einstein ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Respectfulness Language: Respect is shown in many languages such as: An honorific is a word or expression. An anti-honorific forms. A Style is a legal, official, or recognized. Hand gestures: When a person’s foot accidentally touches a book or any written material (manifestation of the goddess of knowledge Saraswati). This also counts for money, which is considered as a manifestation of the goddess of wealth Lakshmi. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Obedience to Law Law is set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions- and one of the most necessary. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person’s rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules. In fact, law frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society’s needs and attitudes. Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. ISO 9001:2015 Certified Obedience to Law The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) The law shapes politics, economics and society in countless ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. “An unjust law is itself a species of violence. Arrest for its breach is more so.” -Mahatma Gandhi ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Dimensions of Ethics 3 “R’s” of Ethics Rules Responsibility Respect ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Code of Ethics The primary aspect of codes of ethics is to provide the basic framework for ethical judgment for a professional. They are guidelines for specific group of professionals to help them perform their roles, to know how to conduct themselves, and to know hot to resolve various ethical issues. It helps the professional to apply moral and ethical principles to be specific situations encountered in professional practice. It conveys the rights, duties, and obligations of the member of the profession. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Positive Roles of Codes of Ethics Inspiration Guidance Support for responsible conduct. Deterring and disciplining unethical professional conduct. Education and promoting of mutual understanding. Contributing to a positive public image of profession. Protecting the status quo and suppressing dissent withing the profession. Promoting business interests through restraint of trade. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Inspiration Ethical codes provide a positive inspiration for the professionals to exercise their obligations effectively. These codes inspire the engineers to apply moral principles under the various conflicting situations. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Guidance The ethical codes provide guidelines for achieving the obligations of professionals. These codes also provide specific guidelines, which tell how to apply the code to the unique situations. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Support The ethical codes offer positive and potential support to engineers to perform their duties in ethical manner. At times, the codes can serve as legal support for those engineers who are tangled in professional obligations and conflicts. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Deterrence and Discipline The ethical codes can be use for deterring and disciplining unethical professional conduct. These codes are also considered as the formal basis for investigating unethical conduct. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Education and Mutual Understanding The ethical codes can be used in educational institutions and other places for emphasizing the importance of moral issues and values. They are also useful to encourage a shared understanding among professionals, the public and government organizations concerning the moral responsibilities of engineers. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Contributing to the profession’s public image The ethical codes can be conferring a positive image to the public of an ethically committed profession. The codes enable the engineers to serve the public more effectively. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Protecting the Status Quo The codes institute ethical conventions. These ethical conventions can promote a minimum, acceptable level of ethical conduct. The codes can also suppress the dispute within the profession. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Promoting Business Interest The codes of ethics promote business interest through restraint of trade. They help in facilitating morally feasible business dealings to professionals. ISO 9001:2015 Certified  Limitations of Codes of Ethics Codes of ethics are broad guidelines, restricted to general phrases. The codes cannot be applied directly to all situations. Engineering codes often have internal conflicts, since several entries in codes overlap with each other, which may result in moral dilemmas. The codes cannot serve as the final moral authority for professional conduct. ISO 9001:2015 Certified THANK YOU! ISO 9001:2015 Certified