CHAPTER-2-CELL-1.pdf

3 PART A Cells and Tissues PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS...

3 PART A Cells and Tissues PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins PRESS TO PLAY MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings