CNA Chapter 2 & 3 PDF

chapter 3, quiz 2.pptx Development and Understanding of Human Needs Human Needs: Understanding basic human needs is crucial for providing appropriate care. Anxiety: Awareness of anxiety in patients can aid in addressing their emotional states. Holistic Care of the Person Hol...

chapter 3, quiz 2.pptx Development and Understanding of Human Needs Human Needs: Understanding basic human needs is crucial for providing appropriate care. Anxiety: Awareness of anxiety in patients can aid in addressing their emotional states. Holistic Care of the Person Holistic Care: Encompasses spiritual, social, emotional, and physical aspects of care. ○ Spiritual: Recognizing and supporting spiritual beliefs and practices. ○ Social: Encouraging social interactions and relationships. ○ Emotional: Addressing emotional well-being and mental health. ○ Physical: Attending to physical health needs and comfort. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Basic Needs (according to Maslow): ○ Physiological: Food, water, shelter, sleep. ○ Safety: Security and safety from harm. ○ Love/Belonging: Relationships, support from family and friends. ○ Esteem: Respect, self-esteem, recognition from others. ○ Self-Actualization: Achieving personal potential and self-fulfillment. Meeting Basic Human Needs Physical Needs: ○ Provide meals, clean drinking water, and a clean environment. Safety & Security: ○ Ensure safe surroundings by responding to call bells, maintaining a clutter-free environment, and following infection control precautions. Love and Belonging:  ○ Engage residents in activities, encourage family visits, and facilitate support groups. Self-Esteem: ○ Encourage independence, allow residents to care for themselves, and offer compliments. Self-Actualization: ○ Allow residents to express past accomplishments and interests. Losses with Aging Common losses include: ○ Loss of spouse, family, or friends. ○ Loss of work and mobility to favorite places (like church). ○ Health decline and loss of pets. Targeted Communities: LGBTQ+ members may face discrimination or exclusion in different environments. Effects of Loss of Independence Emotional repercussions may include: ○ Depression and anger towards caregivers. ○ Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and poor self-image. Cultural Considerations in Care Cultural Differences: ○ Cultural background influences music, food preferences, attitudes, values, and health practices. Respect for Culture: ○ Educate yourself about a person's cultural beliefs, ask questions, support practices where possible. Religious Considerations in Care  Guidelines: ○ Listen without sharing personal beliefs, offer referrals to clergy when appropriate, and respect religious practices and items. Support: ○ Can pray if requested; be supportive of individual religious needs. Dietary Restrictions Based on Religion Buddhists: Often vegetarian. Jewish: No pork/shellfish; Kosher dietary laws. Mormons: Restrict alcohol, coffee, and tea. Muslims: Prohibit pork; observe Ramadan fasting. Catholics: Fish on Fridays and restrictions during Lent. Understanding Sex and Sexuality Sex: Expression of intimacy. Sexuality: Promoted through makeup, grooming, and maintaining privacy during intimate acts. Identities: Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, transgender, and more. Privacy: Important during personal moments and activities, such as masturbation. LGBTQ+ Recognition LGBTQQIP2SAA: An acronym representing a spectrum of sexual orientations and identities. Family Structures Types of Family Structures: ○ Nuclear, single-parent, extended, blended families. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years) Challenges: Midlife crises, menopause, and empty nest syndrome. Physical Changes: Slower metabolism and signs of aging (wrinkles, gray hair). Late Adulthood (65 and Older) Losses: Facing significant losses and dealing with mortality. Social Engagement: Encouraged to make new friends and find new interests. Ageism: Discrimination against elderly individuals is a consideration. Aging Symptoms Physical Changes: ○ Skin loses elasticity, bones weaken, muscles diminish in tone. ○ Changes in regulation (heat, nerve responsiveness); appetite decreases. Normal Changes: Frequent urges for urination, slower digestion, decreased hormone levels, and reduced immunity are expected. Developmental Stages (0-18 Years) 0-12 months: Growth progresses from head down. 1-3 years: Development of independence and control; exploration occurs. 3-5 years: Language development and importance of play. 5-10 years: Cognitive skills strengthen and maturation begins. 10-12 years: Self-identity forms; understanding of death develops. 12-18 years: Peer influences emerge; emotional changes become noticeable. Developmental Disabilities Cerebral Palsy: Caused by lack of O2 during fetal development; affects muscle coordination and possibly intelligence.  Down’s Syndrome: Linked to older maternal age; characterized by distinct features and varying levels of intelligence. Mental Health and Illness Mental Health: Coping and adapting to daily life stresses. Mental Illness: Maladjustment to stressors influenced by various factors including genetics and environment. Crisis Management Strategies Coping Mechanisms: In crises, mentally healthy respond by adapting, while mentally unhealthy may resort to blame, violence, or self-medication. Characteristics of Mentally Healthy/Ill Individuals Mentally Healthy: Adapts, cares for self and others, accepts responsibility. Mentally Ill: Blames others, struggles in relationships, neglects health. Understanding Anxiety Anxiety: A feeling of unease; can spur productivity or lead to physical symptoms (sweating, tachycardia, etc.). Types of Disorders: Panic disorder, phobias, OCD, PTSD. Defense Mechanisms (Freud) Types: Include denial, projection, rationalization, regression, and others to cope with stress and anxiety. ○ Examples: ○ Denial: "I'm not upset". ○ Projection: “The teacher hates me”.  ○ Rationalization: “Everybody does it”. Understanding Schizophrenia Definition: A chronic brain disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and poor self-care. Challenges: Stigmatization; treatment often involves psychotropic medications with side effects. Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder: Involves cyclical mood changes influenced by chemical imbalances. Major Depression: A deep and persistent sense of hopelessness. Suicide Risk in the Elderly Demographics: Particularly high risk in elderly white males; important to recognize warning signs and provide support. Personality Disorders vs. Mental Disorders Personality Disorders: Unique characteristics fully formed by late adolescence; patience required for management. Types of Disorders: Driver, expressive, amiable, analytical. Understanding Personality Disorder Clusters Cluster A: Odd and eccentric (e.g. paranoid, schizoid). Cluster B: Dramatic and unpredictable (e.g. antisocial, borderline). Cluster C: Anxious and fearful (e.g. avoidant, dependent). Death and Dying Concepts Terminal Illness: Lacks a chance of recovery; affects perspectives on death based on various factors. Difficult Deaths: Certain circumstances (e.g. suicide, homicide) carry unique emotional burdens for survivors. AID in Dying (New Jersey Law) Process: Patients can request life-ending medication under specific laws; requires multiple validations from physicians. Kübler-Ross’ Stages of Grief Stages: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance; not all stages need to be experienced. Special Needs of Dying Patients Spiritual: Support through clergy and religious items available. Psychological: Emotional support through listening and encouraging expression of feelings. Physical Care for the Dying Vision and Hearing: Soft lighting and continuous explanations even if verbal communication declines. Mouth and Skin Care: Maintain hygiene and comfort for bedbound individuals. Elimination and Comfort Measures  Incontinence: Manage with prescribed care and padding, ensuring comfort for the patient. Family Support During Dying Process Support and Privacy: Provide space for family while remaining available for support and empathy. Legal Considerations in Care Advance Directives: Legal documents outlining desired care in the event of incapacity. Signs of Death Physical Signs: Changing muscle tone, jaw dropping, temperature changes. Postmortem Care (PMC) Procedures: Handle with dignity, maintain privacy, follow standard protocols closely following death. ================================================================== chapter 2, quiz 2.pptx (1) Communication and Cultural Diversity Communication Processes Communication is a two-way process involving a sender and a receiver. Verbal Communication: Utilizes words (spoken, written, or read).  Nonverbal Communication: Involves gestures, posture, gait, outward appearance, and facial expressions. Effective Communication Strategies Use familiar words to ensure understanding. Be concise and get to the point to respect time. Speak in a logical manner to provide clarity. Face-to-face communication is preferred for personal interaction. Provide only the necessary facts to keep conversations focused. Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication Key Differences Verbal Communication: Involves using words in any form (written, spoken, or read). Nonverbal Communication: Utilizes body language, including gestures, posture, gait, outward appearance, and facial expressions to convey messages. Clarification Techniques Employ clarification when unsure: ○ Example: "Mr. Jones, I don’t understand what you are saying. Would you explain it to me?" ○ Or, "Are you saying that...?" Be aware of body language; it should align with verbal messages. Barriers to Communication Different languages can hinder understanding. Use of slang, profanity, and clichéd phrases can lead to miscommunication. Not actively listening can result in missed information.  Asking "why" can appear accusatory and defensive. Providing unsolicited advice can create resistance. Background noise can obstruct communication. Closed-ended questions often lead to brief responses and limit dialogue. Improving Communication Actively listen and provide feedback to ensure mutual understanding. Address any evident concerns: "You seem sad"—essential for emotional support. Respect individuals' beliefs and values. Be cautious and appropriate in using touch as a communication tool. Ensure that communication aids (like eyeglasses and hearing aids) are accessible. Avoid shifting topics abruptly and maintain a respectful demeanor. Use a communication board for clarity and support. Objective vs. Subjective Information Definitions Objective Information (SIGNS): Observable and measurable; can be seen, felt, heard, or smelled. Subjective Information (SYMPTOMS): Described only by the individual experiencing them. Recognizing Signs and Diagnosing Common signs of illness include headaches, body aches, fever, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea. Engage in basic diagnosis based on observable signs, though professional assessment is necessary. Medical Record Management  Use blue or black ink for documentation; avoid erasable ink or white-out. Document information after events occur, ensuring accuracy. Sign, date, and time all documentation properly. Familiarize yourself with the 24-hour clock system for accurate record-keeping. Transitioning to electronic health records also necessitates careful documentation practices. Communication Tools Kardex: A file card summarizing essential patient care information (diagnosis, age, needs). Flow Sheets: Record vital signs, weight, dietary information, and activities of daily living. Emergency Reporting Report significant changes in patient condition promptly. Provide factual information, noting what you see, hear, smell, and feel. Give comprehensive information, including name, room and bed number, and specific complaints. Immediate Reporting Needs (STAT) Instances requiring urgent reporting include: ○ Non-responsiveness ○ New or sudden confusion ○ Changes in mobility ○ Chest pain/SOB ○ Emesis resembling coffee grounds ○ Change in level of consciousness (LOC) ○ Abnormal vital signs ○ Severe headache ○ Bleeding or falls. Common Terms and Abbreviations Emesis: Vomiting Incontinence: Loss of control over bowel or bladder functions Voiding: Urination Atrophy: Reduction in muscle size Contractures: Permanent shortening of muscle Defecation: Bowel movement Specific Health Terms Dysphasia: Difficulty speaking Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing ADLs: Activities of daily living NPO: Nothing by mouth Stat: Immediately. Types of Paralysis Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side of the body. Paraplegia: Paralysis affecting the lower body (waist down). Quadriplegia: Paralysis affecting all four limbs (neck down). Monoplegia: Paralysis of a single limb. Diplegia: Paralysis of symmetrical parts of the body. Guidelines for Reporting Report facts in a concise, factual manner, including: ○ Patient name, room, and bed number ○ Document using appropriate ink and after events occur ○ Corrections to documentation should be made by striking through text and initialing. ○ Digital entries must be saved and logged off from the system. Conflict Resolution on the Job Define the problem clearly. Gather information about the issue, focusing on the facts. Identify potential solutions to resolve the conflict. Implement the chosen solution effectively. Evaluate the outcomes of the resolution process.