Chapter 2 - PDF
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Gangotri Public School
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Summary
This document is a chapter from a book about Indian history. It discusses various aspects of India's past, from different periods and locations, and explores the evolution of Indian culture and civilization. The author examines the forces that shaped ancient India and how they continue to affect modern society. It also looks into the interaction of India with other cultures.
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ryk'k Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh >k¡dh chrs gq, lkyksa esa esjs eu esa Hkkjr gh Hkkjr jgk gSA bl chp eSa cjkcj mls le>us vkSj mlosQ izfr viuh izfrfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgk gw¡A eSaus cpiu dh vksj ykSVdj ;kn djus dh dksf'k'k dh fd eSa...
ryk'k Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh >k¡dh chrs gq, lkyksa esa esjs eu esa Hkkjr gh Hkkjr jgk gSA bl chp eSa cjkcj mls le>us vkSj mlosQ izfr viuh izfrfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgk gw¡A eSaus cpiu dh vksj ykSVdj ;kn djus dh dksf'k'k dh fd eSa rc oSQlk eglwl djrk Fkk] esjs eu esa bl vo/kj.kk us oSQlk /q¡/yk :i ys fy;k Fkk vkSj esjs rk”kk vuqHko us mls oSQls l¡okjk FkkA vkf[kj ;g Hkkjr gS D;k\ vrhr esa ;g fdl fo'ks"krk dk izfrfufèkRo djrk Fkk\ mlus viuh izkphu 'kfDr dks oSQls [kks fn;k\ D;k mlus bl 'kfDr dks iwjh rjg [kks fn;k gS\ fo'kky tula[;k dk clsjk gksus osQ vykok D;k vkt mlosQ ikl ,slk oqQN cpk gS ftls tkunkj dgk tk losQ\ vk/qfud fo'o ls mldk rkyesy fdl :i esa cSBrk gS\ Hkkjr esjs [kwu esa jpk&clk FkkA blosQ cko”kwn eSaus mls ,d ckgjh vkykspd dh u”kj ls ns[kuk 'kq: fd;kA ,slk vkykspd tks orZeku osQ lkFk&lkFk vrhr osQ cgqr ls vo'ks"kksa dks] ftUgsa mlus ns[kk Fkkµukilan djrk FkkA ,d gn rd eSa ml rd if'pe osQ jkLrs ls gksdj igq¡pk FkkA eSaus mls mlh Hkko ls ns[kk tSls laHkor% fdlh if'peh fe=k us ns[kk gksrkA esjs Hkhrj 'kadk,¡ flj mBk jgh FkhaA D;k eSaus Hkkjr dks tku fy;k Fkk\ eSa] tks mlosQ vrhr dh fojklr osQ cM+s fgLls dks [kkfjt djus dk lkgl dj jgk FkkA ysfdu vxj Hkkjr osQ ikl og oqQN ugha gksrk tks cgqr thoar vkSj fVdkÅ jgk gS] og cgqr oqQN tks lkFkZd gS] rks Hkkjr dk otwn ml :i esa ugha gksrk tSlk vkt gS vkSj og g”kkjksa o"kZ rd vius ^lH;* vfLrRo dh igpku bl :i esa dnkfi cuk, ugha j[k ldrk FkkA og ^fo'ks"k* rRo vkf[kj D;k Fkk\ Reprint 2024-25 eSa Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe esa fLFkr ¯l/q ?kkVh esa eksgutksnM+ks osQ ,d Vhys ij [kM+k FkkA esjs pkjksa rj-IkQ ml izkphu uxj osQ ?kj vkSj xfy;k¡ fc[kjh Fkha ftldk le; ik¡p g”kkj Ok"kZ igys crk;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ogk¡ ,d izkphu vkSj iw.kZr% fodflr lH;rk FkhA buosQ LFkk;h :i ls fVosQ jgus dk dkj.k gS bldk BsB Hkkjrh;iu vkSj ;gh vkèkqfq ud Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk vkèkkj gSA ;g fopkj vk'p;Zpfdr dj nsrk gS fd dksbZ laLÑfr ;k lH;rk bl izdkj ik¡p&Ng g”kkj o"kZ ;k eksgutksnM+ks dh ,d ukyh vkSj mldk fo'kky izos'k}kj mlls Hkh oqQN vf/d le; rd fujarj cuh jgs] og Hkh cjkcj ifjorZu'khy vkSj fodkleku jgdjA I+kQkjl] felz] xzhl] phu] vjc] eè;&,f'k;k vkSj Hkw&eè; lkxj osQ yksxksa ls mldk cjkcj fudV laioZQ jgkA ;|fi Hkkjr us mUgsa izHkkfor fd;k vkSj Lo;a Hkh muls izHkkfor gqvk] fiQj Hkh mldk lakLÑfrd vk/kj bruk 5 e”kcwr Fkk fd og fgyk ughaA bl e”kcwrh dk jgL; D;k gS\ eSua s Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vkSj mlosQ fo'kky izkphu lkfgR; osQ oqQN va'kksa dks i ij fopkjksa dh rstfLork] Hkk"kk dh Li"Vrk vkSj mlosQ ihNs lfØ; efLr"d dh le`f¼ us xgjk izHz kko MkykA eSua s mu ijkØeh ;kf=k;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dh tks lqnjw vrhr esa ;gk¡ phu rFkk if'peh vkSj eè;&,f'k;k ls vk, Fks vkSj viuh ;k=kkvksa dh nkLrku NksM+ x, FksA eSa iwohZ ,f'k;k] vaxdksj] cksjkscnq jq vkSj cgqr&lh txgksa esa Hkkjr dh miyfC/;ksa osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxkA eSa ml fgeky; ij ?kwerk jgk ftldk iqjkus feFkdksa vkSj ryk'k Reprint 2024-25 nardFkkvksa osQ lkFk fudV lac/ a gS vkSj ftlus gekjs fopkjksa vkSj lkfgR; dks cgqr nwj rd izHkkfor fd;k gSA igkM+kas osQ izfr esjs izes us vkSj d'ehj osQ lkFk esjs [kwu osQ fj'rs us eq>s mudh vksj fo'ks"k :i ls vkdf"kZr fd;kA bl egku ioZr ls fudydj Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa esa cgus okyh Hkkjr dh fo'kky ufn;ksa us eq>s vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj bfrgkl osQ vufxur igyqvksa dh ;kn rk”kk dhA baMl ;k ¯l/q] ftlosQ vk/kj ij gekjs bl ns'k dk uke iM+k ^bafM;k* vkSj ^¯gnqLrku*] vkSj ftls ikj djosQ g”kkjksa o"kks± ls ;gk¡ tkfr;k¡ vkSj dchys] dkf-IkQys vkSj -IkQkStas vkrh jgh gaAS czãiq=k---bfrgkl dh eq[;èkkjk ls yxHkx dVh gqb]Z ij iqjkuh dgkfu;ksa esa vkt Hkh thfor] mÙkjiwohZ igkfM+;ksa osQ ân; esa iM+h xgjh njkjksa osQ chp ls cjcl ekxZ cukrh gqbZ Hkkjr esa izo's k djrh gS vkSj fiQj igkM+kas vkSj taxyksa ls Hkjs eSnku osQ chp 'kkar je.kh; /kjk osQ :i esa cgus yxrh gSA ;equk] ftlosQ pkjksa vksj u`R;] mRlo vkSj ukVd ls lac¼ u tkus fdruh ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ ,d=k gSAa bu lcls cs vrhr esa ns[kus dh varnZf` "V nhA esjs eu esa Hkkjr dh tks rLkohj Fkh mlesa èkhjs&/hjs lPpkbZ dk cks/ ?kj djus yxkA esjs iwot Z ksa dh Hkwfe esa ,sls thrs tkxrs yksx vkckn gks x, tks g¡lrs&jksrs Fks] I;kj djrs Fks vkSj ihM+k Hkksxrs FksA bUgha esa ,sls yksx Hkh Fks ftUgsa ¯”knxh dh tkudkjh vkSj le> FkhA bl vrhr osQ lSdM+kas ltho fp=k esjs eu esa Hkjs FksA tc Hkh fdlh txg tkrk Fkk] ml fo'ks"k LFkku ls lac¼ fp=k rRdky esjs lkeus vk [kM+k gksrk FkkA cukjl osQ ikl lkjukFk esa eSua s cq¼ dks mudk igyk mins'k nsrs gq, yxHkx lk-IkQ ns[kkA k¡dh vius mrkj&ps bfrgkl osQ ik¡p g”kkj o"kks± ls pyh vk jgh bl lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk dh 7 fujarjrk esa oqQN foy{k.krk izrhr gksrh gSA ;g ijaijk tks nwj&nwj rd turk esa iSQyh Fkh vkSj ftlus ml ij xgjk izHkko Mkyk FkkA Hkkjr dh 'kfDr vkSj lhek Hkkjr dh 'kfDr osQ Ïksrksa vkSj mlosQ iru vkSj uk'k osQ dkj.kksa dh [kkst yach vkSj my>h gqbZ gSA ij mlosQ iru osQ gky osQ dkj.k i;kZIr Li"V gSaA Hkkjr rduhd dh nkSM+ esa fiNM+ x;k vkSj ;wjksi tks reke ckrksa esa ,d ”kekus ls fiNM+k gqvk Fkk] rduhdh izxfr osQ ekeys esa vkxs fudy x;kA ryk'k Reprint 2024-25 bl rduhdh fodkl osQ ihNs foKku dh psruk Fkh rFkk gkSlykean thouh 'kfDr vkSj ekufldrk FkhA u;h rduhdksa us if'peh ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa dks lSfud cy fn;k vkSj muosQ fy, viuk foLrkj djosQ iwjc ij vf/dkj djuk vklku gks x;kA ;g osQoy Hkkjr dh gh ugha] yxHkx lkjs ,f'k;k dh dgkuh gSA ,slk D;ksa gqvk] bl xqRFkh dks lqy>kuk ”;knk eqf'dy gS D;ksafd iqjkus le; esa rks Hkkjr esa ekufld ltxrk vkSj rduhdh dkS'ky dh deh Fkh ugha] ¯drq ckn dh lfn;ksa esa mÙkjksÙkj fxjkoV dk vkHkkl gksus yxrk gSA thou dh ykylk vkSj m|e esa deh vk tkrh gSA {kh.k gksrh jpukRed izo`fÙk dh txg vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk ys ysrh gSA tgk¡ dke;kch osQ lkFk fonzksgh fopkj&i¼fr us izÑfr vkSj czãkaM osQ jgL;ksa dks Hksnus dk iz;kl fd;k Fkk] ogk¡ 'kCnkMacj ls ySl Hkk";dkj mldh txg ysrk fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA HkO; dyk vkSj ewfrZ fuekZ.k dk LFkku tfVy iPphdkjh okyh lko/kuh ls dh xbZ uDdk'kh ysus yxhA izHkkoh ¯drq ljy] ltho vkSj le`¼ Hkk"kk dh txg] vR;ar vyaÑr vkSj tfVy lkfgR; 'kSyh us ys yhA lkgfld dk;ks± dh ykylk vkSj Nydrh gqbZ ¯”knxh] ftlosQ dkj.k lqnwj ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj laHko gks ldk Fkk] {kh.k gks pyh vkSj mlosQ LFkku ij egklkxjksa dks ikj djus ij jksd yxkus okyh ladh.kZ :fk x;k] mldk lkeatL; djus osQ iz;kl lk-IkQ fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA vDlj iqjkus dk osQoy ckgjh tSls cgqr ls vkSj yksxksa osQ fy, eè;;qxhurk] Hk;adj xjhch ,oa nqxfZ r vkSj eè; oxZ dh oqQN&oqQN lrgh vkèkqfudrk dk fofp=k feJ.k gSA eSa vius oxZ vkSj viuh fdLe osQ yksxksa dk iz'kald ugha Fkk] fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; la?a k"kZ esa usrR` o osQ fy, eSa fuf'pr :i ls eè; oxZ dh vksj ns[krk FkkA ;g eè; oxZ Lo;a dks canh vkSj lhekvksa esa tdM+k gqvk eglwl djrk Fkk vkSj [kqn rjDdh vkSj fodkl djuk pkgrk FkkA vax”sz kh 'kklu osQ s lw>k fd bldk dkj.k vkSj blosQ lkFk gh muesa tks ,d izdkj dh n`s ,d lkaLo`Qfrd i`"BHkwfe feyh ftldk turk osQ thou ij cgqr xgjk vlj FkkA bl i`"BHkwfe esa yksd izpfyr n'kZu] ijaijk] bfrgkl] feFkd vkSj iqjkdFkkvksa dk esy Fkk vkSj buesa ls fdlh dks nwljs ls vyx djosQ ns[k ikuk laHko ugha FkkA iwjh rjg vf'kf{kr vkSj fuj{kj yksx Hkh bl i`"BHkwfe esa fgLlsnkj FksA yksd&izpfyr vuqoknksa vkSj Vhdkvksa osQ 15 ekè;e ls Hkkjr osQ izkphu egkdkO;µjkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr vkSj vU; xzaFk Hkh turk osQ chp nwj&nwj rd izfl¼ FksA gj ?kVuk] dFkk vkSj mudk uSfrd vFkZ] yksdekul ij vafdr Fkk vkSj mlus mUgsa le`¼ vkSj larq"V cuk;k FkkA vuis bl ckr ls gSjr gksrh fd mu reke Hk;kud d"Vksa osQ ckotwn] ftuls Hkkjr ;qxksa rd xq”kjrk jgk] vkf[kj ;g lkSan;Z oSQls fVdk vkSj cuk jgk! bu yksxksa dks lkFk ysdj ge D;k ugha dj ldrs c'krsZ buosQ gkykr csgrj gksa vkSj buosQ ikl oqQN djus osQ ”;knk volj gksaA pkjksa vksj xjhch vkSj mlls iSnk gksus okyh vufxur foifÙk;k¡ iSQyh Fkha vkSj bldh Nki gj ekFks ij FkhA ¯”knxh dks oqQpydj foÑr vkSj Hk;adj :i ns fn;k x;k FkkA bl foÑfr ls rjg&rjg osQ Hkz"Vkpkj iSnk gq, vkSj yxkrkj vHkko vkSj vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr cuh jgus yxhA ;g lc ns[kus 16 esa lq[kn ugha Fkk] ij Hkkjr dh vlfy;r ;gh FkhA fLFkfr;ksa dks lefiZr Hkko ls Lohdkj djus dh izo`fÙk izcy FkhA ij lkFk gh ,d izdkj dh uezrk vkSj Hkyeulkgr Fkh tks g”kkjksa o"kZ dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh nsu Fkh] ftls cM+s ls cM+k nqHkkZX; Hkh ugha feVk ik;k FkkA Hkkjr dh [kkst Reprint 2024-25