Chapter 2 - 04 - Understand Application-level and OS-level Attacks - 01_ocred_fax_ocred.pdf

Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks Exam 212-82 Module Understand Information Security Attacks Describe Hacking Methodologies and Frameworks Flow Understand Social Engineering Attacks Understand Wireless Networkspecific Attacks Understand Network-level Attacks Understand...

Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks Exam 212-82 Module Understand Information Security Attacks Describe Hacking Methodologies and Frameworks Flow Understand Social Engineering Attacks Understand Wireless Networkspecific Attacks Understand Network-level Attacks Understand IoT, OT, and Cloud Attacks Understand Applicationlevel and OS-level Attacks Understand Cryptographic Attacks Copyright Copyright ©© by by EC-Council EC-Comncil All Rights Reserved. Reserved. Reproduction ReproductionIss Strictly Prohibited Prohibited Understand Application-level and OS-level Attacks This section discusses various web-application and OS-level attacks that are performed attackers to compromise the security of the target systems and infrastructure. Module 02 Page 221 by Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EC-Gouncil EG-Gouncil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks Exam 212-82 Copyright © by EC-Comncil EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reserved. Reproduction ReproductionIsis Strictly Prohibited Prohibited. Application-Level Attacks With the ever-increasing vulnerabilities and cyber-attacks on web applications, along with the advanced techniques and nature of these attacks, organizations and security professionals need to re-assess their approach in securing web applications. This section discusses various types of threats and attacks against the vulnerabilities of web applications. Module 02 Page 222 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks Exam 212-82 OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks - 2017 () ) Injection Broken Authentication Sensitive Data Exposure XML External Entity (XXE) Broken Access Control Security Misconfiguration Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Insecure Deserialization Using Components with Known Insufficient Logging and Monitoring Vulnerabilities https://www.owasp.org Copyright © by EC cll. All Rights Reserved. Reproductionis Strictly Prohibited. OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks — 2017 Source: https://www.owasp.org OWASP is an international organization that specifies the top 10 vulnerabilities and flaws of web applications. The latest OWASP top 10 application security risks are as follows: * Al -Injection Injection flaws, such as SQL, command injection, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization. = A2 - Broken Authentication Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, thereby allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume identities of other users (temporarily or permanently). = A3 - Sensitive Data Exposure Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and personally identifiable information (PIl) data. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data requires extra protection such as encryption at rest or in transit, as well as special precautions when exchanged with the browser. Module 02 Page 223 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EC-Gouncil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks = Exam 212-82 A4 - XML External Entity (XXE) Many older or poorly configured XML processors evaluate external entity references within XML documents. External entities can disclose internal files using the file URI handler, internal SMB file shares on unpatched Windows servers, internal port scanning, remote code execution, and DoS service attacks such as the billion laughs attack. = A5 - Broken Access Control Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as accessing other users' accounts, viewing sensitive files, modifying other users’ data, and changing access rights. = A6 — Security Misconfiguration Security misconfiguration is the most common issue in web security, which is due in part to manual or ad hoc configuration (or no configuration at all), insecure default configurations, open S3 buckets, misconfigured HTTP headers, error messages containing sensitive information, and not patching or upgrading systems, frameworks, dependencies, and components in a timely manner (or at all). = A7 - Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) XSS flaws occur whenever an application includes untrusted data in a new web page without proper validation or escaping, or whenever it updates an existing web page with user-supplied data using a browser API that can create JavaScript. XSS allows attackers to execute scripts in the victim’s browser, which can hijack user sessions, deface websites, or redirect the user to malicious sites. = A8 - Insecure Deserialization Insecure deserialization flaws occur when an application receives hostile serialized objects. Insecure deserialization leads to remote code execution. Even if deserialization flaws do not result in remote code execution, serialized objects can be replayed, tampered with, or deleted to spoof users, conduct injection attacks, and elevate privileges. = A9 - Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities Components such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts. = A10 - Insufficient Logging and Monitoring Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper with, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show that the time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring. Module 02 Page 224 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks Exam 212-82 :llpasswordn rdu Inj ection QO Flaws SQL SOL Injection Injection flaws are web application vulnerabilities that allow untrusted data to be interpreted and executed as part of a a command or query QO Attackers exploit injection flaws by constructing malicious commands or queries that result in data loss or corruption, lack of accountability, or denial of access T. the iniecti L It f|nvo.Vfes involves thee injec injection |o.n 9gf mahcno.us malncnolus SQL queries into user input forms Co BNB Injection It involves the injection 7of malicious inciciie code cod:a through web through a web application LDAP Injection he iniecti ItItfmvol'v?st involves thee injection ofof malicious LDAP statements Copyright© by EC-Council. EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reserved. Reproduction Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Prohibited. Injection Flaws Injection flaws are web application vulnerabilities that allow untrusted data to be interpreted and executed as part of a command or query. Attackers exploit injection flaws by constructing malicious commands or queries that result in data loss or corruption, lack of accountability, or denial of access. Such flaws are prevalent in legacy code and often found in SQL, LDAP, and XPath queries. They can be easily discovered by application vulnerability scanners and fuzzers. Attackers inject malicious applications such that the which in turn allows them applications, attackers can irrelevant to that particular code, commands, or scripts in the input gates of flawed web applications interpret and run the newly supplied malicious input, to extract sensitive information. By exploiting injection flaws in web easily read, write, delete, and update any data (i.e., relevant or application). There are many types of injection flaws, some of which are discussed below: = = SQL Injection: SQL injection is the most common website vulnerability on the Internet, and it is used to take advantage of non-validated input vulnerabilities to pass SQL commands through a web application for execution by a backend database. In this technique, the attacker injects malicious SQL queries into the user input form either to gain unauthorized access to a database or to retrieve information directly from the database. Command Injection: Attackers identify an input validation flaw in an application and exploit the vulnerability by injecting a malicious command in the application to execute supplied arbitrary commands on the host operating system. Thus, such flaws are extremely dangerous. Module 02 Page 225 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited. Certified Cybersecurity Technician Information Security Attacks = Exam 212-82 LDAP Injection: LDAP injection is an attack method in which websites that construct LDAP statements from user-supplied input are exploited for launching attacks. When an application fails to sanitize the user input, the attacker modifies the LDAP statement with the help of a local proxy. This, in turn, results in the execution of arbitrary commands such as granting access to unauthorized queries and altering the content inside the LDAP tree. Module 02 Page 226 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Copyright © by EG-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.