Building Electrical Materials and Equipment PDF

CHAPTER 18 Building Electrical Materials and Equipment Rabino, Shanley Joy S.  18.4 UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES ❑ Outlets, Receptacles, and Plugs ❑ Switches 18.5 CONDUCTORS...

CHAPTER 18 Building Electrical Materials and Equipment Rabino, Shanley Joy S.  18.4 UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES ❑ Outlets, Receptacles, and Plugs ❑ Switches 18.5 CONDUCTORS ❑ Wire ❑ Buses ❑ Conductor Material ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 18.4 UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES ✓ Electric motors, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating units, signs, Utilization equipment is a broad category industrial machinery, of electrical or electronic machine or cranes, hoists, elevators, instrument designed to perform a specific and escalators fit in the mechanical, chemical, heating, or lighting category of utilization function through the use of electrical equipment. energy. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 An appliance is an end-use piece of utilization equipment designed to perform a specific function such Freezers as cooking, cleaning, cooling, or Clothes Washers and Dryers heating. Electric Ranges Toasters Blenders Hair dryers Refrigerators ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Seven Main Categories of Appliances 3 Categories of Appliances 1. Fixed Appliances 2. Stationary Appliances 3. IT Appliances 1. FIXED APPLIANCES 4. Movable Appliances 2. STATIONARY APPLIANCES 5. Portable Appliances 3. PORTABLE APPLIANCES 6. Cables and Charges 7. Hand Held Appliances ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  EXAMPLES: 3 Categories of Appliances 1. FIXED APPLIANCES – permanently attached installations such as built-in cook top or oven. 2. STATIONARY APPLIANCES – situated and Storage Heaters Hand dryers used at a specific location but can be moved to another outlet such as a refrigerator, clothes washer, or clothes dryer. 3. PORTABLE APPLIANCES – appliances that can be easily carried or moved such as a hair dryer or toaster. Built-in cook top and Oven ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  EXAMPLES: 3 Categories of Appliances 1. FIXED APPLIANCES – permanently attached installations such as built-in cook top or oven. 2. STATIONARY APPLIANCES – situated and Clothes Washer used at a specific location but can be moved to another outlet such as a refrigerator, clothes washer, or clothes dryer. 3. PORTABLE APPLIANCES – appliances that can be easily carried or moved such as a hair Refrigerator dryer or toaster. Clothes Dryer ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  EXAMPLES: 3 Categories of Appliances 1. FIXED APPLIANCES – permanently attached installations such as built-in cook top or oven. 2. STATIONARY APPLIANCES – situated and Hair Dryer Toaster used at a specific location but can be moved to another outlet such as a refrigerator, clothes washer, or clothes dryer. 3. PORTABLE APPLIANCES – appliances that can be easily carried or moved such as a hair Electric Desk Fans dryer or toaster. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 An electrical device is a component in an electrical system that is designed to carry but not use electricity. Switches Receptacles Relays ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ❑ OUTLETS, RECEPTACLES, AND PLUGS In an electrical system, A receptacle is a female A plug is a male An outlet is the connecting device with connecting device that has slotted contacts. It is two or more prongs that are location in a branch installed at an outlet or inserted into a receptacle to circuit where connect to an electrical electricity is used. on equipment, where it is circuit. A plug is typically intended to easily connected to a flexible cord establish an electrical that is attached to a connection with an portable appliance, light, or inserted plug. equipment. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  According to National Electrical Manufacturing Association (NEMA) standards, the different types of receptacles and plugs are identified by a specific designation. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  The screw terminals on a receptacle are color coded: Brass-colored screws – for connection to the undergrounded conductor. Silver-colored screw – for the grounded or neutral conductor. Green-colored screws – for the equipment grounding conductor. ✓ Receptacles marked “CO/ALR” can be connected to copper, aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors. ✓ Receptacles marked “CU/AL” were formerly allowed for use with copper or aluminum conductors, built can only be connected to copper conductors. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ❑ SWITCHES A simple switch is a device placed between two or more electrical conductors in a circuit to safely and intentionally open or close the circuit or to redirect the path of current in a circuit. ✓ Switches are rated by purpose, voltage, and amperage, and are classified for AC or DC. Safety switches are used in building electrical systems. They are designed to reduce the possibility of contact with bare electrical conductors and have current interrupting capability. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 TYPES OF SWITCHES General duty wall- Weatherproof Keyed switch mounted switch switch Locked lighting Emergency safety Heavy-duty switch switch panel cut-off switch ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 Two Categories of Safety Switches Heavy-duty safety switches General duty safety switches - designed for heavy industry, - intended for industrial, general commercial, and institutional commercial and residential applications where safety, loads where economy is performance, and continuity of important and requirements are service are required. These are less stringent. They are used on enclosed and may be fused or lighting, heating, appliance, and unfused. intermittent motor loads. Ratings up to 1200 A, 600 V are Ratings up to 600 V are available. available. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch Switching Terminology - a simple on/off switch and it opens or closes a single undergrounded conductor POLE refers to the number of in a circuit. conductors the switch is - it is the most commonly used switch found opening and closing. in buildings. THROW refers to the number of operations a switch can Single-pole, double throw (SPDT) switch perform. - diverts current from one conductor path to another. ❑ Three-way switch (𝑆3 ) - special type of SPDT - allows the control of an installation from two locations. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Double-pole, single-throw (DPST) switch Switching Terminology - opens or closes two conductors in a circuit. - it is equivalent to two SPST switches POLE refers to the number of controlled by a single mechanism. conductors the switch is - it can be used to switch off the ungrounded opening and closing. and grounded conductors in a single lighting circuit that is serving a paint spray THROW refers to the number of operations a switch can booth containing explosive vapors. perform. ✓ Double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) and three-pole, single-throw switches are also available. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 Switching Configurations SWITCHES provide control from one or more points in a circuit. Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) is used to provide control from one point by opening or closing the ungrounded conductor in the circuit. Three-way (S3) and four-way (S4) switches are used when multiple control points are needed. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 Common switching configuration One single-pole, single-throw Control from one point switch (S) is required. Two tree-way switches (𝑆3 ) are Control from two points required. Two tree-way switches (𝑆3 ) and a four-way switch (𝑆4 ) are required. Control from three points The four-way switch must be wired between the three-way switches. Two tree-way switches (𝑆3 ) and two or more four-way switch (𝑆4 ) are Control from four or more points required. The four-way switch must be wired between the three-way switches. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Control from one point ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Control from two points ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Control from three points ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Control from four or more points ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 Specialty Switches Automatic switches deactivate a circuit after a preset time period has lapsed. Dimmer switch (SD) is a device in the electrical circuit for varying power to a circuit. Time clocks can be used to control the time period that a piece of equipment or a lighting installation operates. Electronic timers allow greater flexibility as they can easily be set for 7-day cycles. Photocell controls sense light and open or close a circuit with the presence of light. Occupancy sensors control a lighting or equipment installation by sensing occupants in a space. Infrared sensors respond to the motion of an infrared heat source, such as a person or animal. Ultrasonic sensors emit a high-frequency sound that is in the range of 25 to 40 kilohertz and well above the capacity of normal human hearing. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 18.5 CONDUCTORS ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ❑ WIRE An electrical conductor is any material that conducts electrical current. ✓ Wire is a common conductor Most conductors used in building applications are classified according to a wire gauge standard and on the cross-sectional area of the wire in units called circular mils. 1 mil = 1/1000 inch 1 circular mil (cmil) = cross-sectional area of a 0.001 in diameter circle ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS are either solid or stranded ❖ Solid Conductors – a single solid length of conductor called a wire. ❖ Stranded Conductors – consist of smaller wire strands. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ❑ BUSES BUS - sometimes called a bus bar - is an electrical conductor (usually copper or aluminum) that serves as a common connection for two or more electrical circuits. - they are commonly found in panel boards, switchboards, and other power distribution equipment. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 ❑ CONDUCTOR MATERIAL Scientifically, silver is the best electrical conductor material (other than a superconductor material) because it has the least resistance of common materials. Traditionally, copper and aluminum conductors are used in building conductor (wiring) installations as a compromise between good conductivity and economy. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1  Thank You !!! “God hangs the greatest weights upon the smallest wires.” -Francis Bacon ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1