Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior...

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Characteristics of Endocrine System The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body. Endocrine glands and cells secrete minute amounts of chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream, rather than into a duct. Hormones then travel through the general blood circulation to target tissues or effectors. The target tissues have receptors for a specific hormone. Hormones produce a particular response in the target tissues. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2  Endocrine System Glands Figure 10.1 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3  Classes of Chemical Messengers Autocrine: released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type Example - eicosanoids Paracrine: released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity Example - somatostatin Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4  Classes of Chemical Messengers Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators: secreted by nerve cells Example – acetylcholine, epinephrine Endocrine (Hormones and neurohormone): secreted into blood and bind to receptors on target tissues Example - thyroid hormones, epinephrine, insulin Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5  Endocrine System Functions 1. Regulation of metabolism 2. Control of food intake and digestion 3. Modulation of tissue development 4. Regulation of ion levels 5. Control of water balance 6. Regulation of cardiovascular function 7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients 8. Control of reproductive functions 9. Stimulation of uterine contraction and milk release 10. Modulation of immune system function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6  Types of Hormones Lipid-soluble hormones: Non polar include steroid hormones and thyroid hormones Examples - Luteinizing hormone, androgens Water-soluble hormones: Polar, most common type include protein hormones, peptide hormones, amino acid derivative hormones Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7  Effects of Binding Proteins Figure 10.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8  Control of Hormone Secretion Blood-borne chemicals can directly stimulate the release of some hormones. These chemicals are referred to as humoral stimuli because they circulate in the blood, Humoral refers to body fluids, including blood. Hormone release can also be under neural control. Following action potentials, neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9  Control of Hormone Secretion Hormone release can also be controlled by other hormones. It occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones. The same three types of stimuli (humoral, neural, and hormonal) can stimulate or inhibit hormone release. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10  Control by Humoral Stimuli Figure 10.3 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11  Control by Neural Stimuli Figure 10.4 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12  Control by Hormonal Stimuli Figure 10.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13  Inhibition of Hormone Release Humoral inhibition of hormone release generally involves the actions of companion hormones. Usually each of the companion hormones performs an opposite function. For example, to raise blood pressure, the adrenal cortex secretes the hormone aldosterone in response to low blood pressure, but to lower it the heart atria secrete atrial natriuretic peptide. They work together to maintain homeostasis of blood pressure. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14  Inhibition of Hormone Release Neurons inhibit targets just as often as they stimulate targets. If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone. In control of hormone release by other hormones, some hormones are inhibitory hormones, that reduce the release of the hormone being controlled. For example, thyroid hormones can control their own blood levels by inhibiting their anterior pituitary tropic hormone. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15  Regulation of Blood Hormone Levels Two major mechanisms maintain hormone levels in the blood within a homeostatic range: negative feedback and positive feedback Most hormones are regulated by a negative-feedback mechanism, whereby the hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point. Some hormones are regulation by positive feedback, as exemplified by tropic hormone action. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16  Negative and Positive Feedback Figure 10.6 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action A hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the receptor for that hormone. The portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds is called a receptor site. The receptor site has specificity, allowing only one hormone to bind to it. Some hormones, such as epinephrine, can bind to a “family” of receptors that are structurally similar. This specificity is due to molecular shape and chemical characteristics. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18  Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action Lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones bind to their own classes of receptors. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors due to their lipid solubility and small molecular size allowing to easily pass through the cell membrane. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. Water-soluble hormones are polar molecules and cannot pass through the cell membrane. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19  Lipid-Soluble Hormone Receptors Nuclear receptors can also be located in the cytoplasm, but then move to the nucleus when activated. When hormones bind to nuclear receptors, the hormone- receptor complex interacts with nuclear DNA to regulate specific gene transcription. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20  Water-Soluble Receptors Water-soluble hormones, such as protein and peptide types, cannot pass through the cell membrane. Interactions are with membrane-bound receptors, that are proteins that extend across the cell membrane, with their hormone-binding sites exposed on the cell membrane’s outer surface. When the hormone binds to the receptor, it turns on intracellular enzymes that ultimately cause the response dictated by the hormone-receptor interaction. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 Target Tissue Specificity and Response Figure 10.7 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22  Signal Amplification Hormones that stimulate the synthesis of second messengers act quickly and have an amplification effect. Each receptor produces thousands of second messengers, leading to a cascade effect and ultimately amplification of the hormonal signal. With amplification, a single hormone activates many second messengers, each of which activates enzymes that produce an enormous amount of final product. The efficiency of this second-messenger amplification is virtually unparalleled in the body. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23  Cascade Effect Figure 10.11 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 24  Pituitary Gland Small gland in brain Controlled by hypothalamus Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior Secretes at least 6 hormones Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25  Pituitary Gland Figure 10.12 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones under the control of the hypothalamus. Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones that stimulate the production and secretion of a specific hormone. Inhibiting hormones decrease the secretion of a specific anterior pituitary hormone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 27  Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus. The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28  Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Access the text alternative for slide images. Figure 10.13 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 29  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Growth Hormone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs Abnormalities: Too much GH causes giantism Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Target tissues: thyroid gland Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges (goiter) Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Gonadotropin Hormone Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for females: Target tissue: ovaries Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production LH for males: Target tissue: testes Function: production of sperm and testosterone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 32  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Gonadotropin Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for females: Target tissue: follicles in ovaries Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion FSH for males: Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) Function: sperm production Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Prolactin: Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries Functions: milk production Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34  Anterior Pituitary Hormones Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH): Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex Functions: stimulate production of certain corticosteroids Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35  Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Target tissues: kidneys Functions: conserve water Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus low ADH kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine can lead to dehydration and thirst Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36  Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin: Target tissues: uterus Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37  Thyroid Gland ❖ One of largest glands ❖ Requires iodine to function ❖ Secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin Thyroid hormones Target tissues: most tissues Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth Calcitonin Target tissues: bone and some other tissues Function: reduces blood calcium level when high Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (d) ©Victor Eroschenko Figure 10.15 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39  Thyroid Hormone Disorders Hypothyroidism: Hyperthyroidism: Decreased metabolism Increased metabolism Weight gain, reduced Weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue appetite, nervousness Low temp. and pulse Higher temp. and pulse Dry, cold skin Warm, flushed skin Myxedema in adults Graves’ disease (leads to goiter) Cretinism in infants Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40  Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Target tissues: bones and kidneys Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than calcitonin) If Ca2+ is low, then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca2+ is lost in urine. If Ca2+ is high, then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca2+ is lost in urine. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 41  Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels Figure 10.17 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 42  Adrenal Gland Actions The adrenal glands are two small glands located superior to each kidney Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the adrenal medulla, and an outer part, called the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex function as separate endocrine glands. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 43  Adrenal Glands (c) ©Victor Eroschenko Figure 10.18 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 44  Adrenal Medulla Hormones Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells Functions: released as part of fight or flight response Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 45 Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretions Figure 10.19 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 46  Adrenal Cortex Hormones Aldosterone: Type of mineralocorticoid Target tissues: kidneys Functions: regulate ion balance, causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 47  Adrenal Cortex Hormones Cortisol: Type of glucocorticoid Target tissues: most Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 48  Regulation of Cortisol Secretion Access the text alternative for slide images. Figure 10.20 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 49  Adrenal Cortex Hormones Androgens: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: Males: secondary sexual characteristics Females: sex drive Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 50  Pancreas Actions The pancreas is a mixed gland, with an exocrine portion and an endocrine portion. The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 51  Pancreas Actions The islets consist of three cell types, each of which secretes a separate hormone. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin. These three hormones regulate the blood levels of nutrients, especially glucose. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 52  Pancreas Structure ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source Access the text alternative for slide images. Figure 10.21 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 53  Pancreas Hormones Insulin: Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Functions: regulates blood glucose levels after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 54  Insulin Abnormalities Diabetes mellitus: Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors Symptoms: hyperglycemia, exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required) Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type I Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 55  Pancreas Hormones Glucagon: Target tissues: liver Function: regulates blood glucose levels between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 56  Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Figure 10.22 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 57  Testes Hormone Testosterone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 58  Ovarian Hormones Estrogen/Progesterone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 59  Thymus Gland Hormone Thymosin: Target tissues: immune system tissues Functions: promotes immune system development and function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 60  Pineal Gland Hormone Melatonin: Target tissues: hypothalamus Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 61  End of Slides Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 62