Chapter 1.pdf

Accoun&ng Principles Fourteenth Edi&on Weygandt Kimmel Mitchell Chapter 19 Managerial Accoun5ng Chapter Outline Learning Objec&ves LO 1 Iden5fy the features of managerial accoun5ng and the func5ons of management. LO 2 Describe the classes of manufacturing costs and the diF...

Accoun&ng Principles Fourteenth Edi&on Weygandt Kimmel Mitchell Chapter 19 Managerial Accoun5ng Chapter Outline Learning Objec&ves LO 1 Iden5fy the features of managerial accoun5ng and the func5ons of management. LO 2 Describe the classes of manufacturing costs and the diFerences between product and period costs. LO 3 Demonstrate how to compute cost of goods manufactured and prepare Hnancial statements for a manufacturer. LO 4 Discuss trends in managerial accoun5ng. !‫ يوفقنا ويفتح علينا فتوح العارف‬4‫ا‬ ! ‫ فاطمة السقاف‬:‫دعواتكم ليا‬ Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 Managerial Accoun&ng Basics LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 ‫الية ووظيفة ا>دارة‬,‫حاسبة ا‬,‫توضح مميزات ا‬ Iden&fy the features of managerial accoun&ng and the func&ons of management. !‫ستخدم! الداخلي‬,‫حاسبة ا>دارية تقدم معلومات ماليه واقتصاديه للمدراء وا‬,‫ا‬ Provides economic and Nnancial informa&on for managers and other internal users. Comparing Managerial and Financial Accoun&ng Similari5es and diFerences: :‫اوجة التشابه‬ Each Held deals with economic events of a business Both require that economic events be quan5Hed and communicated to interested par5es ‫حاسبة يتعاملو مع ا>حداث ا>قتصاديه للشركة‬,‫كل النوع! من ا‬ ‫علومات‬,‫هتم! با‬,‫ستثمرين وا‬,‫ت مالية ونزود ا‬V‫ا>حداث ا>قتصاديه تتطلب ترجمتها الى معام‬ LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3 I Comparing Managerial and Financial :‫ف‬B‫خت‬D‫اوجة ا‬ Illustra5on ‫الية‬+‫حاسبة ا‬+‫ا‬ 19.1 ‫حاسبة ا&دارية‬+‫ا‬ Feature Financial Accoun&ng Managerial Accoun&ng ‫ك ا>سهم‬V‫م‬ Primary Users of Reports External users: stockholders, Internal users: oXcers and managers. ‫ستخدم< ا&ساسي< للتقارير‬+‫ا‬ creditors, and ‫نظمة في الدولة‬,‫الجهات ا‬ regulators. ‫مصلحة الزكاة والضرائب‬ ‫رؤساء‬ ‫مدراء‬ !‫مقرض‬ Types and Frequency of Reports External Hnancial statements. ‫تقارير ماليه خارجية يتم‬ Internal reports. ‫ا‬, ‫تقارير داخلية ادارية‬ ‫انواع التقارير ومدى تكرارها‬ Quarterly and annually. ‫ثة شهور‬V‫ إصدارها كل ث‬As frequently as needed. ‫يحتاجولها يعملوها‬ ‫او نهاية السنه‬ !‫غراض خاصة >تخاذ قرار مع‬w ‫تكون‬ Purpose of Reports General-purpose. ‫اهداف عامة‬ Special-purpose for speciHc decisions. ‫الهدف من التقرير‬ ‫يتعلق بالشركة ككل‬ Content of Reports Pertains to business as a whole. ‫مكثفة بريقه عاليه‬ Pertains to subunits of the business. ‫تتعلق بوحدة خاصة في الشركة وتشتمل‬ ‫محتوى التقرير‬ Highly aggregated (condensed). Very detailed. ‫مل‬,‫على بيانات بالتفصيل ا‬ Limited to accrual accoun5ng and Extends beyond accrual accoun5ng to any ‫حاسبية‬,‫محدود بعرض البيانات ا‬ ‫حاسبية بل على جميع‬,‫> يقتصر فقط على البيانات ا‬ cost data. (‫ا>ستحقاق‬ ‫تعلقة بتكاليف ) اساس‬,‫وا‬ relevant data.( ‫ا>ستحقاق‬ ‫قة بذلك )>يعتمد على اساس‬V‫علومات التي لها ع‬,‫ا‬ Governed by generally accepted Evaluated based on relevance to decisions. ‫قة التقرير‬V‫يتم تقييم التقرير بناءا على مدى ع‬ accoun5ng principles (GAAP). ‫يا‬,‫قبولة عا‬,‫حاسبية ا‬,‫يكون إصدار هذه التقارير تبقى للمبادئ ا‬ ‫بالقرار اللي اتخذته‬ VeriHca5on Process Audited by CPA. No independent audits. ‫راجع مستقل‬, ‫ما يحتاج‬ ‫نظام التحقق‬ ‫>زم يتم مراجعتها من من شخص عنده شهادة ممارسة‬ LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4  ‫دارية‬I‫الوظائف ا‬ Management Func&ons ‫تخطيط‬ ‫توجيه‬ ‫التحكم‬ Planning Direc&ng Controlling Maximize short-term Coordinate diverse Keep and maintain ‫الحفاظ على‬ ‫نشطة‬w‫ا‬ proHt and market ac5vi5es and human ac5vi5es on track ‫بشكل سليم‬ ‫تعظيم الربح والحصه السوقية على‬ share ‫سهم لهذه الشركة‬w‫دى القصير وا‬,‫ا‬ resources ‫نشطة‬w‫تنسيق مختلف ا‬ ‫و أنشطة التوظيف‬ Determine whether Commit to Implement planned goals are met ‫تحديد هل ا>حداث تم‬ > ‫تنفيذها ام‬ environmental objec5ves ‫خططة‬,‫حداث ا‬w‫تنفيذ ا‬ Decide changes protec5on and social Provide incen5ves to needed to get back ‫ينظمو و ا>لتزام بحماية البيئة‬ programs ‫و البرامج ا>جتماعية‬ mo5vate employees !‫وظف‬,‫تقديم حوافز ا‬ !‫وظف‬,‫لتحفيز ا‬ on track ‫يقرروا التغيرات التي يحتاجها‬ ‫للرجوع للخط السليم‬ Add value to the Hire and train May use an business ‫يضيف قيمة للشركة‬ ‫معنويا مو ماليا فقط‬ employees !‫وظف‬,‫توظف وتدرب ا‬ informal or formal Produce a smooth- system of ‫قد يستخدم نظام غير رسمي‬ ‫او رسمي للتقيمات‬ running opera5on evalua5ons ‫تقدم عملية تشغيل سلسله من غير مشاكل‬ LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5 Organiza&onal Structure ‫الشركات كيف يكون التقسيم ا>داري لها‬ Illustra5on 19.2 Organiza&on charts show the interrela5onships of ac5vi5es and the delega5on of authority and responsibility within the company. ‫نشطة وتفويض‬w‫تبادلة ب! ا‬,‫قات ا‬V‫هذا التصنيف يوضح الع‬ ‫سؤولية في الشركة‬,‫حيات والسلطه وا‬V‫الص‬ LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6 DO IT! 1: Managerial Accoun&ng Part 1 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Managerial accountants have a single role False within an organiza5on: collec5ng and :‫ث اشياء‬B‫عندهم ث‬ repor5ng costs to management. 2. Financial accoun5ng reports are general- True purpose and intended for external users. 3. Managerial accoun5ng reports are special- True purpose and issued as frequently as needed. LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7 DO IT! 1: Managerial Accoun&ng Part 2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 4. Managers’ ac5vi5es and responsibili5es can False be classiHed into three broad func5ons: cost :‫ث اشياء‬B‫عندهم ث‬ accoun5ng, budge5ng, and internal control. 5. Managerial accoun5ng reports must now comply with generally accepted accoun5ng False principles (GAAP). LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8 Managerial Cost Concepts LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 ‫نتج والفتره‬V‫الفروق ب! تكاليف التصنيع وتكلفه ا‬ Describe the classes of manufacturing costs and the diTerences between product and period costs. Managers should ask ques5ons such as the following: ‫نتاج منتج او لتقديم خدمة‬D ‫ماهي التكاليف التي يحتاجها‬ 1. What costs are involved in making a product or providing a service? D ‫نتاج التكاليف حتقل ام‬D‫اذا قللنا من كمية ا‬ 2. If we decrease produc5on volume, will costs change? ‫جمالية‬D‫نتاج على التكاليف ا‬D‫ماهو التاثير خط ا‬ 3. What impact will automa5on have on total costs? 4. How can we best control costs?‫ماهي افضل طريقه لتقليل التكاليف‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9 Manufacturing Costs ‫تكاليف التصنيع‬ Ac5vi5es and processes that convert raw materials into Hnished goods. ‫واد الخام إلى منتجات نهائية‬V‫نشطة والعمليات التي تحول ا‬D‫ا‬ ‫مواد خام مباشرة‬ ‫عمال مباشرين‬ ‫نفقات التصنيع‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10 Manufacturing Costs Direct Materials ‫نتج سيارة‬,‫ يعني أنا لو ا‬:‫مثال‬ ‫فالحديد يكون جزءا منها وساهم‬ ‫ستخدمة كاجزاء في العملية التصنيعية‬V‫ساسية ا‬D‫واد ا‬V‫مواد خام تمثل ا‬ ‫في تصنيعها‬ Raw materials are the basic materials and parts used in the manufacturing process ‫ل عملية‬B‫نتج النهائي خ‬V‫واد الخام التي يمكن ربطها فيزيائيا بصورة مباشرة با‬V‫ا‬ Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated with Hnished product during the manufacturing process are direct materials ‫ يعني شي اقدر امسكه‬:‫مثال‬ ‫قود حق‬,‫جسديا ومباشرا زي ا‬ ‫السيارة‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11 Manufacturing Costs Indirect Materials ‫واد الغير مباشرة‬V‫ا‬ ‫ استخدم شي‬:‫مثال‬ ‫في السيارة بس أنا‬ Have one of two characteris5cs: ‫ماني قادر أشوفها‬ ‫مثل زيت التشحيم‬ 1. Not physically part of Hnished product ‫نتج النهائي‬V‫ليست مربوطة حسيًا جزء من ا‬ 2. Are imprac5cal to trace to Hnished product because their physical associa5on with Hnished product is too small in terms of cost ‫ارتباطها‬ ‫ن‬u ‫نتج النهائي‬V‫من غير العملي ربطها با‬ ‫نتج النهائي صغير جدا من ناحية‬V‫الفعلي با‬ ‫ مقدر اربط تكلفة‬:‫مثال‬ ‫نتج‬,‫زيت التشحيم با‬ ‫النهائي عشان ممكن‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫احط منه نقطت! فقط‬ Considered part of manufacturing overhead *‫* تعتبر جزء من نفقات التصنيع‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12 Manufacturing Costs Direct Labor and Indirect Labor Direct Labor ‫واد الخام إلى منتجات نهائية‬V‫صنع التي يمكن ربطهم بطريقة جسديه مباشرةً لتحويل ا‬V‫عمال ا‬ Work of factory employees that can be physically and directly associated with conver5ng raw materials into Hnished goods. Indirect Labor ‫نتجات النهائيه‬V‫صنع بس ما عندهم ارتباط مباشر أنهم يصنعون أو ا‬V‫عمال موظف! في ا‬ ‫زي عمال النظافة والصيانة‬ Work of manufacturing-related employees that has no physical associa5on with the making of the Hnished product or Costs for which it is imprac5cal to trace to the goods produced. ‫نهم ماساهمو في التصنيع‬u ‫نتجات التي تم انتاجها‬V‫رواتبهم من غير العملي انه اربطهم با‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13 Manufacturing Costs Manufacturing Overhead ‫نتج النهائي‬V‫رتبطة بطريقه غير مباشره بتصنيع ا‬V‫التكاليف ا‬ Costs indirectly associated ‫كل التكاليف معادا‬ Direct material. Direct labor with manufacture of the ‫تكون في‬ Hnished product ‫باشرين‬V‫باشرة و العمال ا‬V‫واد الخام ا‬V‫كل التكاليف التصنيع معادا التكلفه ا‬ All manufacturing-related costs except direct materials and direct labor :‫ث اسماء اخرى‬V‫لها اسم ث‬ Also called factory overhead, indirect manufacturing costs, or burden LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 Product Costs Versus Period Costs Product Costs ‫تشتمل على كل نفقات التصنيع‬ All manufacturing cost components: o Direct materials o Direct labor o Manufacturing overhead ‫نتج‬V‫ يتجزأ من انتاج ا‬D ‫عبارة عن عن التكاليف التي تشكل جزء‬ Costs that are an integral part of producing product Recorded in “inventory” account ‫خزون‬V‫تسجل في حساب ا‬ Not an expense (COGS) un5l goods are sold *‫ا ابيع البضاعه‬, >‫*ما تعتبر مصاريف بضاعه مباعه ا‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15 Product Costs Versus Period Costs Period Costs ‫تكاليف الفترة‬ Nonmanufacturing costs ‫ليست تكاليف تصنيعية‬ ‫بيعات زي الرواتب‬,‫تتضمن كل نفقات ا>دارة وا‬ Includes all selling and administra5ve expenses Charged to expense as incurred ‫يتم تسجيلها بمجرد ظهورها‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16 ‫‪Product Costs Versus Period Costs‬‬ ‫‪Illustra5on 19.3‬‬ ‫تكاليف ا‪,‬نتج‬ ‫تكاليف الفترة‬ ‫تكلفه صناعية‬ ‫ليست تكاليف صناعيه‬ ‫يتم جردها وتخزينها‬ ‫‪D‬يتم جردها‬ ‫مصروفات اداريه‬ ‫يعني ماساهمو في‬ ‫انتاج منتج‬ ‫‪LO 2‬‬ ‫‪Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ Illustra&on of Cost Concepts Items 1-3 Illustra&on: Suppose you started your own snowboard factory, Terrain Park Boards. Here are some of the costs that your snowboard factory would incur. Assign the following costs: Illustra5on 19.4 Product Cost (direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing Period Cost (non- Cost overhead) manufacturing) Explana&on ‫ستعمل للتصنيع‬V‫الخشب ا‬ 1. Wood cores, Direct materials Essen5al elements of Hnished Hberglass, and resin product ($30 per board) 2. Labor to trim and Direct labor Physically and directly shape boards ($40 associated with conver5ng raw per board) ‫اللي‬ ‫العمال‬ ‫يشتغلو‬ materials into Hnished goods 3. Factory equipment Manufacturing overhead Factory cost that is not direct deprecia5on materials or direct labor ($25,000) ‫يعتبر‬D ‫بنى فتقل قيمته فهو‬V‫ك ا‬B‫اه‬ / ‫فحيكون اكيد‬ LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18 Illustra&on of Cost Concepts Items 4-8 Illustra5on 19.4 Product Cost (direct Period Cost materials, direct labor, or (non- Cost manufacturing overhead) manufacturing) Explana&on 4. Property taxes on Manufacturing overhead Factory cost that is not direct ‫ضرايب‬ factory building ‫عقارية‬ materials or direct labor ($6,000 per year) 5. Adver5sing costs ‫تكلفة‬ X Not a cost associated with ($60,000 per year)‫نات‬A‫ع‬B‫ا‬ producing product 6. Sales commissions‫عمولة‬ X Not a cost associated with ($20 per board) ‫بيعات‬D‫ا‬ producing product 7. Factory maintenance Manufacturing overhead A factory cost, but employees are salaries ($25,000 per not physically and directly year) ‫عمال يصلحو شي‬ involved with conver5ng raw materials into Hnished goods 8. Salary of factory Manufacturing overhead A factory cost, but employees are manager ($70,000 per not physically and directly year) ‫دير‬D‫ا‬ involved with conver5ng raw materials into Hnished goods R Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19 LO 2 Illustra&on of Cost Concepts Items 9-10 Illustra5on 19.4 Product Cost (direct Period Cost materials, direct labor, or (non- Cost manufacturing overhead) manufacturing) Explana&on 9. Cost of shipping X Not a cost associated with boards to producing product ‫مصاريف‬ ‫الشحن‬ customers ($8 per board) 10. Salary of product Manufacturing overhead A factory cost, but employees ‫راتب مفتش‬ quality inspector are not physically and directly ‫الجودة‬ ($20,000 per involved with conver5ng raw year) materials into Hnished goods LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20 Illustra&on of Cost Concepts Calcula&on of total manufacturing costs Assuming Terrain Park Boards produces 10,000 snowboards the Hrst year, what would be the total manufacturing costs? Illustra5on 19.5 Cost Item Manufacturing Cost 1. Material cost ($30 × 10,000) $300,000 2. Labor cost ($40 × 10,000) 400,000 3. Deprecia5on on factory equipment 25,000 4. Property taxes on factory building 6,000 7. Factory maintenance salaries 25,000 8. Salary of factory manager 70,000 10. Salary of product quality inspector 20,000 Total manufacturing product costs $846,000 LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21 DO IT! 2: Managerial Cost Concepts Part 1 A bicycle company has these costs: 5res, wages of employees who put 5res on the wheels, factory building deprecia5on, adver5sing expenditures, factory machine lubricants, spokes, salary of factory manager, salary of accountant, handlebars, salaries of factory maintenance employees, and salary of product quality inspector. Classify each of these costs as a product cost or a period cost. Specify direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing overhead for product costs. LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 22 DO IT! 2: Managerial Cost Concepts Part 2 Cost Product Cost Period Cost Tires Direct materials Wages of employees who put 5res on the wheels Direct labor Factory building deprecia5on Manufacturing overhead Adver5sing expenditures X Factory machine lubricants Manufacturing overhead Spokes Direct materials Salary of factory manager Manufacturing overhead Salary of accountant X Handlebars Direct materials Salaries of factory maintenance employees Manufacturing overhead Salary of product quality inspector Manufacturing overhead LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 Demonstrate how to compute cost of goods manufactured and prepare Nnancial statements for a manufacturer. The Hnancial statements of a manufacturer are very similar to those of a merchandiser. Yet, the principal diFerences between their Hnancial statements occur in two places: 1. The current assets sec5on in the balance sheet. 2. The cost of goods sold sec5on in the income statement. LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24 Balance Sheet Inventory accounts of a manufacturer Illustra5on 19.6 ‫مادة خام‬ ‫نتج نهائي‬D‫صار ا‬ ‫نتج شبه نهائي‬D ‫ادة الخام‬D‫عملية تحويل ا‬ The balance sheet for a merchandising company shows just one category of inventory. LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 25 Balance Sheet Example Merchandiser Versus Manufacturer Illustra5on 19.7 LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26  income statement ‫يختلفو في ال‬ Income Statement COST OF GOOD SOLD: ‫في‬ Under a periodic inventory system, the income statements of a merchandiser and a manufacturer diFer in the cost of goods sold sec5on. Illustra5on 19.8 LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27 Income Statement Cost of Goods Sold Sec&ons Illustra5on 19.9 LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28 Cost of Goods Manufactured Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead incurred in the current year. Total Work in Process – (1) cost of beginning work in process and (2) total manufacturing costs for the current period. Illustra5on 19.10 LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29 Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule Illustra5on 19.11 LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30 DO IT! 3: Cost of Goods Manufactured Given data The following informa5on is available for Keystone Company. March 1 March 31 Raw materials inventory $12,000 $10,000 Work in process inventory 2,500 4,000 Materials purchased in March $90,000 Direct labor in March 75,000 Manufacturing overhead in 220,000 March Prepare the cost of goods manufactured schedule for the month of March 2022. (Assume that all raw materials used were direct materials.) LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 31 DO IT! 3: Cost of Goods Manufactured Solu&on LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 32 Managerial Accoun&ng Today LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 Discuss trends in managerial accoun&ng. Service Industries Much of U.S. economy has shised toward an emphasis on providing services rather than goods Approximately 80% of U.S. workers are now employed by service companies Most techniques learned for manufacturing Hrms are applicable to service companies LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 33 Focus on the Value Chain Refers to all business processes associated with providing a product or performing a service For a manufacturing Hrm, these include the following: Illustra5on 19.12 LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 34 Focus on the Value Chain ‫عشان اسوي السلسله اللي فوق لتزم التزم بقيم معينة‬ JIT and TQM ‫ناسب‬,‫نظام الوقت ا‬ Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory Method System in which goods are manufactured or purchased just in 5me for sale ‫نظام مستخدم في الشركات الصناعية ما يكون عندي مخزون‬ ‫خزون اللي احتاجه في الوقت اللي احتاجه فيه‬,‫جاهز >زم اطلب ا‬ ‫ادارة الجودة الكامله‬ Total Quality Management (TQM) System implement to reduce defects in Hnished products, with goal of zero defects ‫نتج النهائي في هدف انها توصل‬,‫نظام يقلل عيوب ا‬ ‫لدرجة صفر من العيوب يعني و>عيب فيها‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35  ‫تحدد اكبر قيد او اكبر مشكلة تقلل من‬ Focus on the Value Chain ‫ربحيه الشركة و هي واقفه قدام هدف‬ ‫شكلة دي‬F‫الربحيه فتحاول تحل ا‬ Theory of Constraints and ERP ‫نظرية القيود‬ ‫كثر أهمية الذي يقف في طريق تحقيق الهدف ثم‬w‫حدد ا‬,‫تحديد العامل ا‬ Theory of Constraints ‫حدد في التصنيع‬,‫تحس! هذا القيد بشكل منهجي حتى > يصبح العامل ا‬ Constraints (“botlenecks”) within the value chain that limit company’s poten5al proHtability A speciHc approach to iden5fy and manage these constraints in order to achieve company goals Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Sosware programs designed to manage all major business processes ‫دراء في‬,‫نظام برمجي استخدمه كل ا‬ ‫الشركات التجاريه عشان يخلي الشركة كلها‬ ‫مرتبطه ببعض في حلقه وحده‬ ‫ وهكذا‬C‫حاسب‬F‫وارد البشريه مع ا‬F‫ا‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 36 ‫‪Focus on the Value Chain‬‬ ‫تحديد التكلفه لكل منتج تم إنتاجه بنا ًء على‬ ‫‪A BC‬‬ ‫استخدامنا للنشاط‬ ‫يعني لو الشركة فيها اكتر من خط انتاج وكل‬ ‫التكلفه على اساس النشاط‬ ‫خط ينتج اكتر من منتج بناء على النفقات‬ ‫)‪Ac&vity-Based Cos&ng (ABC‬‬ ‫نبدا نحدد كم كلف كل واحد‬ ‫‪ Allocates overhead based on each product’s use of‬‬ ‫‪ac5vi5es‬‬ ‫‪ Results in more accurate product cos5ng and‬‬ ‫‪increased eXciency in the value chain‬‬ ‫ميزته اقدر اعرف كل منتج كلفني فعليا كم‬ ‫ويزيد من كفاءه سلسه القيم‬ ‫‪LO 4‬‬ ‫‪Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ Balanced Scorecard ‫نقيم العمليه او نقيم الشغل حقنا بطريقه متكامله‬ Evaluates opera5ons in an integrated fashion ‫اليه و الطريقه غير ماليه‬,‫ممكن يكون التقييم بالطريقه ا‬ Uses both Hnancial and nonHnancial measures Links performance in a cause-and-eFect fashion ensure that they all 5e to the company’s overall objec5ves ‫يتم الربط بطريقه السبب والنتيجة بانها مرتبطه باهداف الشركة كلها‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 38  ‫قيات العمل‬V‫اخ‬ Business Ethics ‫قي‬V‫وظف! اتصرف بشكل أخ‬,‫يتوقع من جميع ا‬ All employees are expected to act ethically ‫قيات العمل‬V‫نظمات لديها كود لقواعد أخ‬,‫الكثير من ا‬ Many organiza5ons have codes of business ethics Crea&ng Proper Incen&ves Systems and controls some5mes create incen5ves for managers to take unethical ac5ons ‫حيان‬w‫ا‬ ‫نظمة والضوابط في بعض‬w‫تخلق ا‬ ‫قيه‬V‫ديرين >تخاذ إجراءات غير أخ‬,‫حوافز ا‬ Controls need to be eFec5ve and realis5c ‫يجب أن تكون الضوابط فعاله واقعية‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 39 Business Ethics Code of Ethical Standards Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) ClariHes management’s responsibili5es ‫يوضح مسؤوليات ا>دارة‬ Requires cer5Hca5ons by CEO and CFO ‫يتطلب شهادات‬ Selec5on criteria for Board of Directors and Audit Commitee ‫راجعة‬,‫جلس ا دارة ولجنة ا‬, ‫معايير ا>ختيار‬ Substan5ally increased penal5es for misconduct ‫تشديد العقوبات بشكل كبير على سوء السلوك‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 40 Corporate Social Responsibility Considers a company’s eForts to employ sustainable business prac5ces ‫ستدامه‬,‫عمال ا‬w‫تنظر في جهود الشركة لتوظيف ممارسات ا‬ Some5mes referred to as triple bodom line because it evaluates a company’s performance with regard to people, planet, and proHt ‫بأنها‬ ‫ثية‬V‫حصلة النهائية الث‬,‫يشار إليها أحيانا باسم ا‬ ‫رباح‬w‫شخاص وا‬w‫تقييم أداء الشركة في ما يتعلق با‬ Recent reports indicate that nearly 80% of the 500 largest U.S. companies provide sustainability reports ‫ شركة أمريكية تقدم تقارير مستدامة التي يقيم فيها وضع الشركة‬500 ‫ من أكبر من‬%80 ‫حوالي‬ LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 41 DO IT! 4: Trends in Managerial Accoun&ng Solu&on Items 1-5 1. All ac5vi5es associated with providing a product g or performing service. 2. A method of alloca5ng overhead based on each a product’s use of ac5vi5es in making the product. 3. Systems implemented to reduce defects in Hnished products with the goal of achieving zero defects. e 4. A performance-measurement approach that uses both Hnancial and nonHnancial measures, 5ed to b company objec5ves, to evaluate a company’s opera5ons in an integrated fashion. 5. Inventory system in which goods are manufactured d or purchased just as they are needed for use or sale. LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 43 DO IT! 4: Trends in Managerial Accoun&ng Solu&on Items 6-7 6. A company’s eForts to employ sustainable c business prac5ces with regards to its employees, society, and the environment. 7. A code of ethical standards developed by the f Ins5tute of Management Accountants. LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 44