Chapter-1-Introduction-to-Computer-Systems.pdf

GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Chapter 1. Introduction to Computer System  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Objectives: Define the concept of a computer and recall the primary components that constitute a computer system. Evaluate different types of comput...

GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Chapter 1. Introduction to Computer System  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Objectives: Define the concept of a computer and recall the primary components that constitute a computer system. Evaluate different types of computers based on their design, architecture, and intended applications, and relate this analysis to the evolution of computers. Examine the role of operating systems and software in managing computer resources, and critique their significance in modern computing environments, drawing connections to historical advancements.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet What is Computer System? A computer is an electronic device A system refers to a set capable of performing of interconnected parts calculations, storing that work together to information, and perform a task or processing data achieve a particular according to instructions goal. (programs).  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet What is Computer System? A Computer System, then, is a complete assembly of hardware, software, all working together to perform or carry out tasks.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Evolution of Computer The evolution of computers has been a remarkable journey, from large, room-sized machines to the pocket-sized devices we carry today.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet A. Early Mechanical Devices (Pre- 19th Century) Abacus (~2400 BCE) - one of the earliest known computing devices used for simple arithmetic operations. Pascaline (1642): A mechanical calculator capable of performing addition and subtraction.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet B. 19th Century: Conceptual Framework for Modern Computers Analytical Engine (1837): Often considered the first concept of a general-purpose computer, though never built in his lifetime. Ada Lovelace's Algorithm (1843): The first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet C. Early 20th Century: Electro- mechanical Zuse Z3 (1941): The first programmable Computers digital computer, developed by Konrad Zuse in Germany. Colossus (1943-1944): Built by British codebreakers during WWII, the first electronic digital computer used to decipher encrypted messages. ENIAC (1945-1946): The first general-purpose electronic digital computer in the U.S., capable of performing complex calculations.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet D. First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computers Automatic Computer) – was a pioneering computer developed in 1949. It was a successor to ENIAC. UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) : The first commercial computer used by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet E. Second Generation (Transistors) IBM 1401 (1959): This was a popular Computers mainframe computer used for business applications. It was known for its compact size and reliability. CDC 6600 (1964): This was a powerful mainframe computer known for its speed and efficiency developed by Control Data Corporation.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet F. Third Generation (Integrated IBM System/360 (1964): Introduced Circuits) as a family of computers that used integrated circuits, marking the start of the mainframe era. Intel 4004 (1971): The first microprocessor, leading to the development of personal computers.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet G. Fourth Generation (Microprocessors) Apple II (1977): A popular home computer that brought computing to households. IBM PC (1981): Standardized personal computers, opening the doors to the modern PC era.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet H. Fifth Generation Modern computers: Computers often Computers feature multiple cores, advanced graphics processing units (GPUs), and large amounts of memory, allowing them to handle demanding workloads with ease. Smartphones and tablets (2007): Devices like the iPhone transformed computing, making it portable and more accessible.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Components of Computer System The anatomy of computer system is made up of various components that work together to process and manage data.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet ❑ Hardware These are the tangible components of the computer system.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet HARDWARE Output Devices Central Processing Input Devices Memory Unit (CPU) 1.a Text-based 2.a Text, Image & 3.a Control Unit 4.a Main Memory Input Devices Video-based (CU) 4.b Secondary 1.b Image & Video- Output Devices 3.b Arithmetic Memory based Input 2.b Audio-based Logic Unit Devices Output Devices (ALU) 1.c Audio-based Input Devices 1.d Pointing Devices 1.e Biometric Input Devices  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1. Input Devices 1.a Text-based Input Devices Keyboards: The most common text- based input device, used to enter characters, numbers, and symbols. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Scanners: These scanners can convert printed text into digital text format.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.b Image & Video-based Input Devices Scanners: Used to convert physical images or documents into digital images. Digital Cameras: Capture images and videos and store them as digital files. Webcams: Smaller cameras used for video conferencing or capturing images.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.c Audio-based Input Devices Microphones: Used to capture sound and convert it into digital audio files. 1.d Pointing Devices Mouse: A common pointing device used to navigate and interact with graphical user interfaces. Touchscreen: A display that responds to touch input, allowing users to interact directly with the screen. Stylus: A pen-like device used with tablets or digital drawing pads. Joystick: It is used to control the movement of a pointer or cursor on a screen.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.e Biometric Input Devices Fingerprint Readers: Measure and analyze fingerprints for identification. Facial Recognition Cameras: Recognize individuals based on their facial features. Iris Scanners: Identify individuals based on the unique patterns in their irises.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2. Output Devices 2.a Text, Image & Video-based Output Devices Printers: Used to produce printed documents on paper. Screens: Monitors that display text and other visual information. Projectors: Used to project images onto a larger surface.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.b Audio-based Output Devices Speakers: Used to produce sound. Headphones & Earphones: Used to listen to audio privately.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU or simply Processor is the brain of the computer, responsible for processing instructions and performing calculations. 3.a Control Unit: Fetches & decodes instructions 3.b Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic & logic operations.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Today's Top Processors: AMD vs. Intel Intel Corporation Advanced Micro Devices  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1st Generation Intel Core (Nehalem): Released in 2008 2nd Generation Intel Core (Sandy Bridge): Released in 2011 3rd Generation Intel Core (Ivy Bridge): Released in 2012 4th Generation Intel Core (Haswell): Released in 2013 5th Generation Intel Core (Broadwell): Released in 2014 6th Generation Intel Core (Skylake): Released in 2015 Intel Corporation 7th Generation Intel Core (Kaby Lake): Released in 2017 8th Generation Intel Core (Coffee Lake): Released in 2017 9th Generation Intel Core (Coffee Lake Refresh): Released in 2018 10th Generation Intel Core (Comet Lake): Released in 2020 11th Generation Intel Core (Rocket Lake): Released in 2021 12th Generation Intel Core (Alder Lake): Released in 2021 13th Generation Intel Core (Raptor Lake): Released in 2022  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Ryzen 1000 Series (Launched in 2017) Ryzen 3000 Series (Launched in 2019) Ryzen 5000 Series (Launched in 2020) Advanced Micro Devices Ryzen 7000 Series (Launched in 2022) GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet How to know the processor of your units?  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 4. Memory It refers to the storage location where data and instructions are held for use by RAM ROM the computer's processor. Primary Memory (Main Memory): Volatile memory, which is directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary Memory Non-volatile, used to store data permanently.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 4.a Primary Memory (Main Memory) This is directly accessible by the CPU and is used to store data and instructions that the CPU is currently working on. It's volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions currently in use. Read-Only Memory (ROM): Stores Permanent storage of data that cannot be modified by the user.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Operating System (OS): The software that BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): The manages the computer's resources. firmware that controls the computer's Running applications: Programs that are hardware during startup. currently in use. Bootloader: The software that loads the Temporary data: Data created by operating system into memory. applications during their operation, such as Constant data: Data that doesn't change, unsaved documents or calculations. such as character sets or color palettes.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 4.b Secondary Memory They are used to store data permanently. They are non-volatile, meaning its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Store data on magnetic disks. Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Store data on flash memory chips. Optical Drives: Store data on optical discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays).  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Technology: Stores data on magnetic disks. Technology: Uses flash memory chips to Performance: Slower read/write speeds store data. compared to SSDs. Performance: Offers much faster read/write Durability: Less durable and susceptible to speeds compared to HDDs. shock and vibration. Durability: More durable and resistant to shock Noise: Can be noisy due to the mechanical and vibration. components. Noise: Silent operation. Power Consumption: Less energy-efficient. Power Consumption: More energy-efficient. Cost: Typically cheaper per gigabyte than Cost: Generally more expensive per gigabyte SSDs. than HDDs.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Flash Drives: These are small, portable devices that use flash memory to store data. Memory Cards: These are small, removable storage devices used in digital cameras, smartphones, and other devices. Network Attached Storage (NAS): These are dedicated storage devices that can be accessed over a network.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet ❑ Software Software refers to the set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. They are the intangible components of the computer system.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet SOFTWARE System Software Application Software 1.a Operating System (OS) 1.a Customized Application 1.b Utility Software Software 1.c Device Drivers 1.b Packaged Application Software  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1. System Software - runs the computer’s basic operations, allows the computer to run applications software, and allows the user to interact with the computer.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.a Operating Systems (OS) - it is the fundamental software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and software applications. - it acts as an interface between Booting “Computer Start Up” is the the users and the hardware process of loading an operating system into a computer’s memory.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Popular examples of Operating Systems: a. Desktop and Laptop Operating Systems: Windows: Developed by Microsoft, it's one of the most widely used operating systems for personal computers. macOS: Developed by Apple for its Mac computers, macOS is known for its user-friendly interface and integration with Apple devices. Linux: A family of open-source operating systems, Linux is highly customizable and versatile, used by individuals and businesses alike.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Comparison of interfaces run by different OS macOS Windows OS Linux  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Interfaces of Windows OS versions Here are some of the major versions of the Windows operating system: Classic Windows Versions Windows NT Series Windows 2000 Series Windows XP Series Windows Vista Series Windows 7 Series Windows 8 Series Windows 10 Series  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet b. Mobile Operating Systems: Android: Developed by Google, Android is the most widely used mobile operating system, powering a vast range of smartphones and tablets. iOS: Developed by Apple for its iPhones and iPads, iOS is known for its smooth performance and integration with Apple services.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.b Utility Software - also known as service programs, perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources. a. Backup utilities. They make a backup, or duplicate copy, of the information on your hard disk. b. Data recovery utilities are used to restore data that has been physically damaged or corrupted.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet c. Virus protection. Its primary function is to safeguard your computer and network from these threats by scanning files, programs, and websites in real- time or through scheduled scans.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1.c Device Drivers - These help the computer control a peripheral device. Peripheral devices are external hardware devices connected to a computer, expanding its functionalities by facilitating input, output, and interaction with data and programs, but are not integral to the core computer architecture.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2. Application Software - also known as apps, refers to programs or software that are designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer, mobile device, or other digital device.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Types of Application Software depending on their purpose: 2.a Word-Processing Software makes creating, modifying, and styling text documents effortlessly. Examples: - MS Word - WPS Office - Google Docs - Apple Pages  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.b Spreadsheet Software is used for organizing and manipulating numerical data. It enables users to create tables, perform calculations, and generate charts and graphs. Examples: - MS Excel - Google Sheets - WPS Spreadsheets - Apple Numbers  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.c Presentation Software helps users create visually appealing slideshows for educational, business, or personal purposes. Examples: - MS PowerPoint - Google Slides - Keynote - Canva  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.d Database Software facilitates the organization, storage, and retrieval of data. It provides tools for creating, modifying, and managing databases. Examples: - MS Access - MySQL - Oracle - MongoDB  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.e Graphics and Multimedia Software are essential for creating and editing visual content. These applications offer image editing, graphic design, video editing, and audio manipulation tools. Examples: - Adobe Photoshop - Adobe Illustrator - Canva - Adobe MacroMedia Flash  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.f Web Browsers are software applications that permit users to access and guide the World Wide Web. This software lets users view websites, search for information, and interact with web-based applications. Examples: - Google Chrome - Mozilla Firefox - Safari - Microsoft Edge  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.g ERP Application software Enterprise resource planning helps organizations manage everyday tasks and simplify management activities. Examples: - Microsoft Dynamics 365 - Oracle ERP Cloud - NetSuite ERP - Epicor ERP  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.h Communication Software facilitates communication and collaboration between individuals or groups. It includes email clients, instant messaging applications, video conferencing tools, and collaboration platforms. Examples: - MS Outlook & MS Teams - Skype - Zoom & Google Meet - Gmail & Ymail - Messanger, SnapChat & WeChat  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2.i Content creation software allows users to quickly produce and distribute digital content, including blog/vlog posts, articles, videos, and podcasts. Examples: - Google Trends - Youtube - Facebook - TikTok  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Types of Application Software depending on platforms they run: Platform-Specific Software is designed to run on a specific operating system or hardware platform. ✓ Windows Applications: Software like Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop for Windows, or games designed for Windows OS. ✓ macOS Applications: Software like Final Cut Pro, GarageBand, or iMovie, which are designed to run exclusively on Apple’s macOS. ✓ Linux Applications: Software like GIMP, LibreOffice, or GNOME desktop applications, developed to run on Linux- based systems.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Cross-Platform Software is designed to run on multiple platforms with little or no modification. These applications can be used on different operating systems and devices. ✓ Web Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera run on Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms. ✓ Java Applications: Java applications can run on any system that has the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), allowing cross-platform compatibility. ✓ Microsoft Office 365: Available for Windows, macOS, and web-based environments, making it usable across multiple platforms. ✓ Mobile Apps: Apps developed with cross-platform frameworks like Flutter or React Native can run on both Android and iOS devices.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Web-Based Software runs on web browsers and doesn’t depend on the underlying operating system or hardware platform. It is typically hosted on a server and accessed over the internet. ✓ Google Docs: Accessible from any device with a web browser, whether it’s on Windows, macOS, Linux, or mobile platforms like Android or iOS. ✓ Web-Based Email Clients: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, and Outlook.com, which can be accessed on any platform via a web browser  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet ❑ Data These are the raw facts and figures that are processed to derive meaningful information. ❑ User The individuals or groups who interact with computer systems to accomplish specific tasks, such as accessing information, communicating, or performing work-related activities.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet Categories of Computer System Computer systems can be categorized based on their size, purpose, and processing power.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 1. Microcomputers are personal computers designed for individual use. They are the most common type of computer found in homes and offices. Laptop are considered in this category.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 2. Handheld computers also referred to as mobile computers, are portable computing devices designed for mobility and personal use. They include smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 3. Severs are computers designed to provide services or resources to other computers over a network. They handle requests from client machines and manage network resources.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 4. Mainframes are powerful computers used primarily by large organizations for bulk data processing, such as transactions, business applications, and large- scale databases.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 5. Supercomputers are the most powerful type of computers, designed to perform complex calculations at extremely high speeds. They are used for tasks that require massive processing power and large-scale computations.  GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet 6. Embedded systems are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger systems. They are integrated into hardware and often have real-time processing constraints. GEN ED 109: Language of the Internet --- END OF LECTURE ---