Chapter 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry I PDF

College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Chapter 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry I Chemistry Department CHEM 1450 College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ After this lecture, the student will be able to: Define Organic chemistry Illustrate factors that makes Carbon important Classify Hydrocarbons and Hydroca...

College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Chapter 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry I Chemistry Department CHEM 1450 College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ After this lecture, the student will be able to: Define Organic chemistry Illustrate factors that makes Carbon important Classify Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbons derivatives Distinguish the different formulas of organic compounds Define hybridization College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Study of carbon and its compounds Study of organic compounds. Study of hydrocarbon compounds and its derivatives TWO THINGS INVOLVED IN ORGCHEM 1. HYDROCARBON 2. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ The building block of structural organic chemistry is the tetravalent carbon atom With few exceptions, carbon compounds can be formulated with four covalent bonds to each carbon, regardless of whether the combination is with carbon or some other element. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Molecules with carbon are ORGANIC. Carbon dioxide and molecules without carbon are INORGANIC. FACTORS WHY CARBON IS IMPORTANT 1. They are versatile. Can form up to four bonds (single, double, or triple) in rings or in chains 2. Bonds formed are high in energy. Ex. Diamond Functional groups in organic molecules o Are LESS stable than the carbon backbone but are more likely to participate in chemical reactions o Determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of organic molecules. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon ONLY. 1. HYDROCARBON Aliphatic (R) Uncyclic / Open Structure Saturated No pi bond formation or all are single bonded Ex. Alkanes Aromatic (Ar) Factors to consider: 1. Should be cyclic (closed structure / no terminal Unsaturated point) Contain pi bonds 2. Planar (2D structure) / has double or 3. Has conjugated double triple bonds bond (alternating) Ex. Alkenes/Alkynes 4. Follows Huckel’s Rule #pi e- = 4n + 2 College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ }If the organic compound does NOT follow the four general factors of an aromatic compound, then it’s aliphatic. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed when there is a substitution of a functional group at one or more of these positions. Order of priority MUST be observed College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ A Lewis structure in which bonded electron pairs in covalent bonds are shown as lines. FYI: Kekulé was the first to suggest a sensible structure for benzene. He said The carbons are arranged in a hexagon, and he suggested alternating double and single bonds between them. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ To save space and time in the representation of organic structures, it is common practice to use "condensed formulas" in which the bonds are not shown explicitly. In using condensed formulas, normal atomic valences are understood throughout. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Sample: Acetone IUPAC Name: 2-propanone College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ Also called the Line-Angle Formula It is represented in two dimensions, as on a page of paper. A skeletal formula shows the skeletal structure or skeleton of a molecule, which is composed of the skeletal atoms that make up the molecule. College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬ All atoms undergo hybridization red + white = pink… PURPOSE OF HYBRIDIZATIONs Form equivalent orbitals (orbitals with the same shape) College of Medicine – ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب‬