CHAPTER-1-and-2.pdf

SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL WORK and SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL WELFARE FRIEDLANDER- An organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social relationship which permit them t...

SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL WORK and SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL WELFARE FRIEDLANDER- An organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social relationship which permit them to develop their full capacities and to promote their wellbeing. ELIZABETH WICKENDEN- Includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population. ROMANYSHYN- Includes all those forms of social interventions that have a primary and direct concern with promoting both the wellbeing of the individual and the society as a whole. It includes the treatment and prevention of social problems, the development of human resources, and the improvement of the quality of life GERTRUDE WILSON- “An organized concern of all people for all people” Two Views or Conceptions of Social Welfare: 1. Residual formulations – conceives of the social welfare structure as temporary, offered during emergency situation and withdrawn when the regular social system. 2. Institutional formulations - sees social welfare as proper, legitimate function of modern society. Universal; Welfare is provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as public services like roads or schools might be. Three Categories of Social Welfare Program: 1. Social Security – compulsory measures instituted to protect the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable interruption. 2. Personal Social Services – service function which has bearing on personal problems, individual situation of stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need. 3. Public Assistance – refers to concrete aids/materials supports provided usually by Government agency. SOCIAL SERVICES Refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of the society. Three Goals of Social Welfare: Humanitarian and Social Justice Goal - democratic ideal of social justice. This goal involves the identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent, the most neglected and those that least able to help themselves, and making them the priority target for the investment of scarce resources. Social Control Goal - This is based on the recognition that needy, deprived or disadvantaged groups in a society are capable of striking out, individually or collectively, against what they consider to be an alienating or offending party. Economic Development Goal - This gives priority to those programs designed to support increases in the production of goods and services and other resources that will contribute to economic development. SOCIAL WORK A profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment in his environment; a person in relation to a person’s social situation. Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly, and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationship which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. Social Functioning Problems are Caused By: Personal inadequacies o sometimes pathologies which may make it difficult for a man to cope with the demands of his environment. Situational inadequacies and other conditions which are beyond man’s coping capacities. Both personal and situational inadequacies.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD Filipinos lived in small scattered communities usually, located along mouths of rivers and coastal plains. These, locations were preferred because rivers and bays provided, water and food, and means of transportation. These, communities were independent social, social units, units called, "barangays". The "barangay" was often, ruled by a headman, who was usually the oldest member of the community, and "dato" His, responsibility was to oversee the welfare of, of his barangay. THE SPANISH PERIOD The Spaniards brought the teaching, to do good to others for the salvation of their souls, and which for many years was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities. 1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first hospital in Cebu for the purpose of attending to the wounded and the victims of diseases. It was, transferred to Manila in 1571, and called the Hospitalito de Santa Ana. 1882 – Hospicio de San Jose was founded to house the aged and orphans, the mentally defective and young boys requiring reform, but later limiting admission to children who were discharged, later to be adopted or employed. 1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls was established, offering religious instruction, primary education, and training in housework in its inmates. Spain established schools in the Philippines, starting with the Parochial School of Cebu in 1565, founded by Augustinian friars. These schools taught Christian religion, Spanish culture and language, music, writing, reading, arithmetic, and vocational courses The hospitals, asylums, orphanages and schools were maintained using subsidies and grants from the Spanish government. However, these were not sufficient and donations from philanthropic individuals were also solicited. THE AMERICAN PERIOD 1899 – Americans occupied the country and introduced a new educational system, new health methods, and religious freedom. 1902 – The Civil government created an agency, the Insular Board, to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in welfare work. February 5, 1915 – The American government created the Public Welfare Board with the passage of Legislative Act No. 2510, essentially to coordinate the welfare activities of various existing charitable organizations. 1905 – The Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross was established to take charge of disaster relief in the country and to administer Red Cross funds from the United States. 1907 – La Gota de Leche was established to furnish child-caring institutions with fresh cow’s milk from dairy farm in Pasay, Manila, supervised by a veterinarian. This agency later opened free consultation clinic for mothers. 1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas was organized by civic-spirited women to help destitute mothers and their children. 1921 – Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner was created. It absorbed the functions of the Public Welfare Board which, while charged with coordinating and intensifying the activities of child welfare organizations and agencies, was unable to cope with the mounting problems in the health field, which was manifested by the high infant mortality rate in the second decade of the century. 1922 – The Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner prepared solicitation forms which it required the public to demand of any person appealing for donations and charities. This was done to protect the public and organizations from unscrupulous persons collecting funds. This practice, however, was not legally sanctioned until 1933. 1924 – The Associated Charities had become independent agency under the supervision of the Public Welfare Commissioner, and was partly financed by the government, and partly by private contributions. 1933 – The administration of social welfare in the Philippines was marked by significant developments when Frank Murphy became the Governor-General. Scholarship grants for professional training in social work in the United States were made available. – The Legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and maternal health centers which was established in every town with at least two thousand populations. Josefa Jara Martinez who obtained a diploma in Social Work in 1921, worked for the Public Welfare Board where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work. THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD 1940 – The Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Welfare was abolished and replaced by a Department of Health and Public Assistance Service, which took over the activities that used to be performed by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to exist. 1941- an Executive Order established under the Bureau of Public Welfare (of the new Department) a Public Assistance Service, which took over the activities that used to be performed by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to exist. JAPANESE OCCUPATION The Second World War which brought countless deaths and immeasurable suffering to the country's population was to last for three years from 1942-1944. Social welfare activities during the period focused on giving medical care, treatment, food, and clothing to the wounded soldiers, prisoners, and civilians. The Bureau of Public Welfare, which was closed when the war broke out, had to cease operations in 1943 when food shortages became acute in Manila. THE POST-WAR YEARS 1946 – The Bureau of Public Welfare re-opened but lack of funds limited its operations. October 4, 1947 – The Bureau became the Social Welfare Commission and was placed under the Office of the President. August 1948 – President Quirino created the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA). It is a comprehensive program of health, education, welfare, agriculture, public works and financing. 1946 – The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly to further maternal and child health in economically underdeveloped country. 1948 – UNICEF became active in the Philippines, establishing basic health care services to mothers and children, consisting of medical care, feeding programs and health education. January 3, 1951 – The Social Welfare Commission and the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration were fused into one agency called the Social Welfare Administration THE SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION Division of Public Assistance Assistance was given in the form of material aid like food, financial aid, transportation aid, medical aid, institutional care and work relief. Service was rendered in the form of rehabilitation services and administration and supervision of rehabilitation projects and workshops. This was created by Administrative Order No. 7, on September 5, 1951. It deals with the mounting social problems in the rural areas. “Self-Help” became the underlying philosophy for the rural community development projects. 1965 – Republic Act 4373, “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines” – The law requires completion of a Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree, one thousand hours of supervised field practice, and the passing of a government board examination in social work for licensing or registration as a social worker. It is the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines. THE SEVENTIES September 8, 1976 – The Department of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services and Development shifting emphasis on the traditional, often institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services. June 2, 1978 – President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, converting departments into ministries thus the Ministry of Social Services and Development. The organizational structure, functions and programs remains the same. THE EIGHTIES The Self-Employment Assistance was upgraded to make it more responsive to its client’s needs. Case Management System was launched. Social Welfare Indicators monitor the level of well-being of the MSSD service users. January 30, 1987 – President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order No. 123, reorganizing MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development. The Department was evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of development. The approach taken by the agency during this period is described as preventive and developmental, participative and client-managed THE NINETIES October 10, 1991 – R.A. 7160 Local Government Code was passed. Implementing functions together with its programs and services were devolved to its local government unit. The Department, however, retained its specialized social services consisting of four categories: (a) Center/institution-based services; (b) community- based programs and services; (c) locally-funded and foreign-assisted projects; and (d) disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation. THE PAST TWO DECADES On January 24, 2017, the government's National Development Conference approved what now (2021) is the DSWD's Vision and Mission Statement," anchored with Ambisyon Natin 2040 which is a long-term vision for the country. POVERTY The Department of Social Welfare and Development, is the main agency tasked with the implementation of different programs to address the problem. One of these programs is the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or "4Ps," passed into law (R.A. No. 11310) on April 17, 2019. MAGNA CARTA OF THE POOR A Magna Carta of the Poor (R.A. No. 1129) was enacted on April 12, 2019. Under this law, implementing government agencies and concerned departments must establish a system to meet the following rights: 1. Adequate food (Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and the Department of Agriculture) 2. Decent work (Department of Labor and Employment) 3. Relevant and quality education (Department of Education, the Commission on Higher Education and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority) 4. Adequate housing (Housing and Urban Development Council) 5. Highest attainable standard of health (Department of Health). National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) is tasked with overseeing the compliance by the departments. HEALTH One milestone in the area of health and health reform in the country is the Universal Health Care Act (R.A. No. 11223) which was signed into law on February 20, 2019. The landmark law allows access to health service by automatically enrolling all Filipinos in PHILHEALTH National Health Insurance Program (NCIP). EDUCATION Education as a basic human right was addressed with the passage of R.A. No. 10931, known as the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, on August 3, 2017. This law provides underprivileged Filipino students the opportunity to pursue college degrees through free tuition and exemption of other fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs). The informal and non-formal education sector, the passage of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) Act on December 23, 2020 (R.A. No. 11510) is considered as a major breakthrough as it institutionalizes the alternative learning system in basic education. WOMEN The Magna Carta of Women (R.A NO. 9710) was enacted on August 14, 2009 - a human rights law that seek to eliminate discrimination against women. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act, known as the RH law (R.A NO. 10354) passed on December 23, 2021-national policy that mandates the Philippine government to comprehensively address the needs of Filipino citizen. Expanded Maternity Leave Law (RA NO. 11210) which was passed on February 20, 2019. This law increase the maternity leave period to 105days for female workers, 30 days without pay and additional 15 days for the solo Parents. CHILDREN In the Philippines, organizations like the Child Rights Network advocate for children's rights. They successfully pushed for the "Prohibition of Child Marriage Law" in 2021 to protect children from harmful practices. For abandoned and neglected children, adoption is an important alternative care service. The Domestic Administrative Adoption and Child Care Act (R.A. No. 11642) passed in 2022 this law allows for administrative domestic adoption through the National Authority for Child Care, attached to the Department of Social Welfare and Development, making the process quicker (around 6- 9 months) and more affordable, without the need for court involvement. THE ELDERLY The Anti-Age Discrimination Act of 2016 (R.A NO. 10911, July 21, 2016) was passed to guarantee equality and prohibit age discrimination in employment for all older person. The Centenarian Act of 2016 (R.A NO. 10868, June 23, 2016) honor Filipino who reach 100 years old with 100,000 gift and Filipino who reach 101 years old with 1 million Act of Providing for the mandatory PhilHealth coverage for all Senior Citizen (RA NO. 10645) enacted November 5, 2014 removed the provision that a Senior Citizen must be indigent to qualify for coverage. The Expanded Senior Citizen Act of 2010 (R.A NO. 9994, February 15, 2010) broaden the coverage of government assistance to Senior Citizen in the areas of employment, education, health care services, access to public transport and etc. SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PANDEMIC The Covid 19 pandemic, although primarily a health concern, brought with it a lot of challenges. SOCIAL AMELIORATION PACKAGE (SAP) BAYANIHAN to Recover as one Act (R.A NO 11494) passed on September 11, 2022. Mandated different government agencies to implement nationwide. The DSWD was made the "Lead agency for implementation of social protection program". UNITED REGISTERED SOCIAL WORKER Most social worker intervention in the country are undertake through direct face to face contact with client. However, health protocols required by the government during the Covid 19 pandemic, did not allow this. It initiated a Psycho-Social Support (PSS) Services through virtual flat forms such as Facebook, viber and mobile phones. GOVERNANCE In terms of Governance, a significant development in the field of social welfare is the Adoption of Mandanas Ruling. Mandanas Ruling of the supreme court in 2018 (confirmed with finality in 2019). Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the national government to at least 60 percent from the current of 40 percent. MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL WORKERS (RA ACT NO. 9433) In 2007, social workers from both the public and private sectors in the Philippines succeeded in advocating for their rights and benefits through the passage of the "Magna Carta for Public Social Workers" (Republic Act No. 9433). This law, enacted on April 11, 2007, represents a significant milestone for public social workers, emphasizing the government's commitment to improving their working conditions and professional growth. Key Points: Improving Well-being and Working Conditions Skill Development Attracting and Retaining Qualified Social Workers Benefits and Protections Security of Tenure Right to Organize Professional Growth Opportunities The Magna Carta for Public Social Workers is a significant achievement for the social work profession in the Philippines, particularly for those in the public sector. It recognizes the essential role that social workers play in society and ensures they are supported, protected, and given opportunities for professional growth. ASEAN Social Work Consortium (ASWC) The ASEAN Social Work Consortium (ASWC) was established in 2010 during the 6th Senior Officials Meeting on Social Welfare and Development (SOMSWD). This organization was created to promote and advance social work education and practice across the ASEAN region. The ASWC was formed as part of the ASEAN Socio- Cultural Community (ASCC) blueprint, which called for the establishment of an ASEAN Network of Social Workers by 2013. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in the Philippines by supplementing government efforts to provide social services, particularly to the poor and disadvantaged sectors of society. The 1987 Philippine Constitution supports NGOs, encouraging their involvement in promoting national welfare. According to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), NGOs are private, non-profit, voluntary organizations committed to socio-economic development. People's Organizations (POs): People's Organizations, or community-based organizations, consist of disadvantaged individuals working to improve their members' material or social well- being. Collaboration Between NGOs and Government: This partnership is institutionalized through ongoing consultations and dialogues, led by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) NGOs are involved in policy formulation and implementation of sectorial programs, such as child welfare, disability support, elderly care, women's welfare, family and community welfare, disaster management, and livelihood projects. NGO Networks and Certification: In February 1999, Philippine NGO networks launched the Philippine Council for NGO Certification (PCNC) This self-regulatory body, in cooperation with the Department of Finance, certifies NGOs applying for done institution status. Certification ensures that only NGOs adhering to standards of professionalism, accountability, and transparency receive tax-free donations for their projects. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES 1917- The Associated Charities was founded as a family welfare agency. This is considered the "mother" of social work in the Philippines It was the first to use casework to help people. It hired the first full-time, paid social workers Josefa Jara Martinez, a trained social worker, was the first executive secretary. 1920s Asuncion A. Perez, with some social work training from the U.S., succeeded Martinez when she returned to the government sector. 1930s- The Associated Charities began employing college graduates as home visitors with in- service training Non-degree social work courses were offered at the University of the Philippines. 1947- The Philippine Association of Social Workers was formed by those who had studied social work in the U.S. 1950- The Philippine School of Social Work (PSSW) was established at the Philippine Women's University, offering a one-year Master of Arts in Social Administration. The following year, the program was extended to two years, leading to a Master of Social Work degree 1956- The Civil Service Commission conducted the first social work examination. 1950s: Bachelor's degree programs in social work were offered at the University of the Philippines, Centro Escolar University, and later, the University of Santo Tomas. Late 1950s: Social workers began to find jobs in public hospitals, mainly for eligibility screening for patients seeking free treatment. 1961- The UNICEF-Assisted Social Services Project was launched to improve child welfare services. This project led to the upgrading of salaries for social workers and the introduction of new programs such as foster care and community centers. It required social workers to have at least a Bachelor's degree. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION, INC. (NASWEI) 1965- The Social Work Law (R.A. No. 4373) was passed, requiring the reassessment of social work curricula to meet new educational standards for social work practice. An Ad Hoc Committee was formed in establishment of 1967 to guide these changes, changes, eventually leading to the formal establishment of the Schools of Social Work Association of the Philippines (SSWAP) in 1969 1977- The SSWAP worked with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) to standardize the social work board examination, covering areas such as Human Behavior, Social Welfare Policy, Social Work Methods, and Field Practice 1983-2000, SSWAP published key educational materials, including the Fundamentals of Social Work, Dictionary of Social Work, and the Philippine Encyclopedia of Social Work. 1990, SSWAP was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and renamed the National Association for Social Work Education, Inc. (NASWEI). The NASWEI Objectives: 1. Ensure social work education meets national and international standards 2. Develop and advocate policies and guidelines. 3. Promote ongoing learning and research in social work. 4. Publish educational materials and raise public awareness 5. Support student governance and social justice initiatives. 6. Build partnerships with local and international organizations. THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS, INC. (PASWI) Founded- November 12, 1947 Incorporated- April 18, 1948 Re-incorporated- October 18, 1988 June 19, 1965PASWI helped pass Republic Act No. 4373, which officially recognized social work as a profession. 1968 Supported the Social Welfare Act, which elevated the Social Welfare Administration to a Department. 2007, Advocated for the Magna Carta for Public Social Workers (R.A. No. 9433). 2016, Worked on R.A. No. 10847, including lowering the age for board exam candidates and requiring Continuing Professional Development (CPD) units. PASWI Objectives: 1. Maintain high professional standards in social work. 2. Provide opportunities for members' professional growth. 3. Enhance understanding and recognition of social work. 4. Advocate for social welfare legislation 5. Expand activities through local chapters and international links.