Historical Background of Land Transportation PDF

 **CDI-4 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING** **INSTRUCTOR: PLT BENEDICTO FIEL CABELTO (RET.)** **Chapter I\ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION**  **Overview -** This module presents the historical development of land tr...

 **CDI-4 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING** **INSTRUCTOR: PLT BENEDICTO FIEL CABELTO (RET.)** **Chapter I\ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION**  **Overview -** This module presents the historical development of land transportation used by man. It is imperative for future traffic officers and traffic managers to familiarize themselves to the various inventions and innovations related to land transportation to enable them to understand the present day traffic problems. For better understanding, it is divided into: Lesson 1. Manpower, Animal Power, and Wind Power Lesson 2. Wheeled Vehicles and Road History Lesson 3. Evolution of Motor Vehicles **LESSON 1.1 MANPOWER, ANIMAL POWER, AND WIND POWER** Concept: -Transportation is the movement or conveying a persons and goods from one location to another. Tracing the historical development of human's methods of transporting goods and people would take a voluminous book to record all the innovations made by man from the ancient time to the present-day age. This book cited only those commonly used by human beings of all generations and most of all nations on earth. -Man's need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings. Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden tree, they were sent out by God from Paradise of Eden. "Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken." -Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one place to another to enable them to survive and others for various reasons. Other biblical passages mentioned that Moses was chosen by God to speak to the Pharaoh, King of Egypt to let His children out of Egypt. So, the children of Israel were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve God. -Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to another according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable resources. -The term \"nomad\", from the Greek, "to pasture," was originally used to refer to pastoralists -- groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic livestock. However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-settled populations, of which there are three types. -The first type comprises foraging populations who wander in search of their food. It is estimated that 99 percent of all humanity once lived in this way. -The second type, the most significant numerically and historically, comprises the pastoral nomads who move with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep, or goats through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability is determined by the alteration of hot and cold or wet and dry seasons. -The third type comprises gypsies, tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and complex societies. Various Ancient Modes of Transportation: **A. Manpower -** Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own burdens. More so today, manpower is important in transportation in many parts of the world. 1\. Walking (traveling by foot)-- It is commonly cited by reference books and literatures that man first used the power of his own feet in traveling while a load is either carried or dragged. Coincidentally, the English word "pedestrian" was coined from the Latin word "pedester"-- which means to travel on foot. 2\. Carrying Pole-- In China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balance on one shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the ends of the pole are supported by two men, with goods suspended from the pole in between. 3\. Back Load and Tumpline-- In many parts of the world goods are carried on the back. In Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead. In the Andes the load is held on the back by a strap passing over the chest. 4\. Sledge on rollers -- The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which rested on a series on rollers. 5\. Sledge on runners -- A simple sledge, probably man drawn, was in use at the end of the Old Stone Age in northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived. 6\. Travois-- This travois, as the pole arrangement called serves as a platform on which the burdens are placed. The platform or crossed-beam are then dragged by humans or animals. **B. ANIMAL POWER -**The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor. Pack man can tend several pack animals moving together, each of which (except dogs) can carry more than he usually can. Little advantage in speed is gained unless part of the animals' carrying capacity is sacrificed. Mentioned below were some of the common animals used by human beings since the ancient times. Some people groups are still using these animals in their transportation. 1\. Ox -- Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw war chariots. Oxens are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world. In some parts of Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding. 2\. Reindeer -- These were first domesticated in Siberia in beginning of the Christian era. In the Altai Mountains, they were ridden with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw sledges somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North.  3\. Dog -- The dog, the first animal domesticated, is to slight to carry heavy loads. The plain Indians sometimes packed light loads on dogs' backs, and piled goods on a travois which the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges are the chief means of transportation; and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts. 4\. Donkey -- The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. Early dogs came to use as a back-animals before the domestication of the camel. Donkey caravans carry goods between with cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is still the chief beast of burden among the farmers or the Near East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced from Spain.  5\. Llama -- In pre- Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport. In the high Andes, the Llama was used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as it's by modern Andean people. 6\. Elephant -- The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but in recent centuries, these animals have not been tamed. In India, elephants were formerly used in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely used in the lumber industry. 7\. Horse -- Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan. In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding for sometimes until the introduction of mechanized vehicles. 8\. Camel -- There are two kinds of camel, the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia and the one- humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used for transport. The Bactrian camel has plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at least 2,000 years. It is also used to draw carts. The dromedary, which has less endurance but it, us fleeter and special fast-paced riding camel, is bred by the Arab nomads. 9\. Yak -- A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were horses and ordinary animal could not survive.  **C. WIND POWER-** Man realized the energy from the mass moving air and learned to utilized such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted transportation vessels. 1\. Ancient Chinese Kite -- Kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East since the beginning of the history. Based on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for transport when a Korean general employed on in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge cable. In the late 10th century, several European armies experimented with kites in transporting men. 2\. Da Vinci's Ornithopter -- The great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter (a.k.a orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those of a bird. It was not until the 19th century that rigid wings were envisaged.  3\. Montgolfier Balloon -- The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers. Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d' Arlanoes become the first men to make a free balloon ascent. the balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes. 4\. Siemens' Rocket Plane - Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as an electric industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of gunpowder. Similarly, Siemens' rocket plane was never carried beyond the design stage.  5\. Lilienthal Glider -- Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a study of the flight of birds and experimented with ornithopter, going so far as to build a model onithopter. His chief work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of a glider flights which were to exert a profound influence on the development of aviation. 6\. Santos Dumonts' Airship -- One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered balloons in Paris. He made his first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed the construction of his first airship. He, then built several other airships and in 1901, made a 30-minute around trip flight between St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.  7\. Wright Brother's Flying Machine -- Inspired by Lilienthal's glider experiments, Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air flight. They built biglane kite then over 200 different wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention, before they conducted their first man- carrying powered machine. This flew successfully at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903. By 1909, airplane became sufficiently accepted to justify beginning commercial manufacture of the machine. 8\. Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis -- Following the initial flight of the Wright brothers' airplane, the development of aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in 1911 and World War I gave an impetus to plane design and the training of pilots. During the 1920's, many new records were set. A feat which particularly captured popular imagination was the first solo flight from New York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane especially built for the flight, the Spirit of St. Louis.  -Air transportation offers traveling in lesser time but the cost is beyond reach of most common people. Notwithstanding the inaccessibility of most places if traveling is done through the air even by water transportation. With no choice left, man is left conceiving and inventing land transportation facilities. **THE ROMANS - WERE THE MAJOR ROAD BUILDERS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.** E. JOHN L. MACADAM - did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected the macadamized road in england about 1815. **EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES** Motorized Transportation Is of the greatest inventions that appeared for the last three hundred years. the inventions in transportation came along with the numerous inventions during the period of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. a\. STEAM ENGINE was perfected in the 1760's by JAMES WATT. b\. By the end of 18th century French Scottish, and American, inventors attempted to apply the steam engine in water navigation. c\. RAILROADS- horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails had been used in English and European mines during the 17th century. RICHARD TREVITHICK -- some other inventors adapted the primitive steam locomotives to the mine railway between 1797 and 1813. GEORGE STEPHENSON -- built and equipped the 32km stockton ang darlington railway, the first public railway in the world powered by steam locomotive which eventually began railroad building in England. **THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE** -In the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground. KARL VON DRAIS -- The german baron in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel, creating the draisienne, or dandy horse. KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN -- in 1838 A Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals, which were attache to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks. **H. MOTOR VEHICLE** -- first mode of transportation to Challenge the railroads. The following are some of the notable events leading to the invention of motorized vehicles for road traffic. FERDINAND VERBIEST -- a jesuit missionary in china, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese emperor. NICOLAS JOSEPH CUGNOT -- in 1870-71 he demonstrated his fardier a vapeur(steam dray), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor. RICHARD TREVITHICK -- in 1801, ran a full-size vehicle on the road in cambrone. OLIVER EVANS -- in 1789, was granted the first automobile patent in the United States. FRANCOIZ ISAA DE RIVAZ -- in 1806 a Swiss engineer was built and engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. JOSEF BOZEK -- in 1815 professor at prague polytechnic, built an oil-fired steam car. SAMUEL BROWN -- in 1826 a Englishman, tested his hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up to shooters hill in southeast London. WALTER HANCOCK -- In 1838 built and operated steam buses in London. CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SCHONTEIN -- in 1838 discovered in principle the hydrogen fuel cell (Diesel) , one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars. CHARLES GOODYEAR -- 1844 invented the vulcanized rubber for tires. ROBERT WILLIAM THOMSON --in 1845-46 invented the first vulcanized rubber tire. His invention worked well but was costly to produce. JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR (1858)- also known as JEAN J. LENOIR, a Belgian engineer developed the internal combustion engine. GASTON PLANTE (1859)- invented the lead acid battery. ANYOS JEDLIK (1828)- invented the electric motor. LENOIR'S HIPPOMOBILE (1860)- with a hydrogen gas fuelled one cylindered internal combustion engine made a test drive from paris to joinville le pont, covering 9km in about 3 hours. HENRY SETH TAYLOR (1867)- demonstrated his 4 wheeled steam buggy at the stanstead fair in Stanstead, Quebec. SIEGFRIED MARCUS (1870)- the Australian inventor put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline -- known as the first marcus car. GEORGE B. SELDEN (MAY 8, 1879)- filed for a patent which included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He was finally granted on november 5,1895. ENRICO BERNARDI (1882)- patented a 0.024 horsepower 122cc one cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making atleast a candidate for the first automobile. MARCUS (1883)- secured a German patent for a low voltage ignition system of the magneto type. EDOUARD DELAMARE-DEBOUTTEVILLE (1884)- vehicle was patented and trialled. KARL BENZ (1885)- built his first automobile in Mannheim and he was granted a patent for his automobile. DAIMLER (1885)- built the first high speed internal combustion engine. FIRST PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE (1888)- marked in German by Karl Benz, and in france by Emile Roger. PANHARD ET LAVASSOR OF FRANCE (1889)- was the first company formed exclusively to build automobiles, which also introduced the first four (4) cylinder engine. FIRST HORSELESS-CARRIAGE (1890)- appeared inthe U.S CHARLES AND FRANK DURYEA (1893)- the brothers founded the duryea motor wagon company, becoming the first american automobile manufacturing company. RUDOLF DIESEL (1893)- German inventor developed the diesel engine also known as a compression-ignition engine. ANDREA MICHELIN (1895)- was the first person to use pneumatic tires on automobile tires but not successful. HENRY FORD (1908)- introduced the model T. PHILIP STRAUSS (1911)- invented the first successful automobile tire with an air-filled inner tube. WANKEL FELIX (1956)- a German mathematician developed an advance type of engine named after him that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. -To date, man continuously manufacture large cargo trucks and buses for mass transportation. Presently, the introduction of the light trail transit or LRT, the metro rail transit or MRT, flyover, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock shed and other modern traffic ways contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users. **CHAPTER II\ Fundamental of Traffic Management\ The Pillars of Traffic\ Traffic safety Education** **Lesson 1\ FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT** **Concept:** traffic management is the best understood by understanding the following commonly used words and terminologies. **ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS**: these are high-capacity urban roads that direct traffic from collector roads to expressways or freeways. It also refers to a highway's that is used primarily by through traffic. **COLLECTOR HIGHWAY**: It is also known as collector road or distributor road which connects low-to-moderate highways or roads to arterial highways such as those entering residential properties. It also refers to a highway that serves primarily to funnel traffic from one local highway to another or between arterials and local highways. **HIGHWAY:** it means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated to a public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic, whether or not the public authority is maintaining the way. or, highway refers to any roads, streets, boulevards or avenues used as public thoroughfare. **Management:** it refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose. **Operation:** pertains to course or series of act to effect a certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or natural process of activity. **Roadway:** refers to that part of the Traffic way over which motor vehicles pass, for purposes of construction, repair, and /or maintenance, roads are classified **1.National Roads** -- these are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/ or cities. **2.Provincial Roads** -- these are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or cities within a province. **3. City Roads** -- these are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a city. **4. Municipal Roads** -- these are roads/streets interconnecting barangay within a municipality. **5. Barangay roads --** these are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect sitios or places within a barangay. **Shoulder:** it refers to either side of the roadways especially along highways. **Sidewalk** -- it refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street. It also means the area determined as follows: \(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the highway between the outside lateral line of the shoulder and the adjacent property line capable of being used by a pedestrian. \(2) on the side a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the highway between the lateral line of the roadway and the adjacent property line capable of being used by a pedestrian. **Through highway.** It means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic given the right of way, and at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield Right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either an authorized stop sign or yield sign, or other official traffic control device. **Thruway or throughway**: it is a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the expressways, freeways, or motorways. **Traffic:** it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of travel. **Early 16th century**. Via obsolete French trafique from old Italian traffic from trafficare to carry on trade, of uncertain origin. **Traffic way:** refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the used of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom. It is also synonymous to public way. **The intersection**: in most American state laws, intersection is defined as the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadway of two highways which join one another at, or approximately at right angles, or the area within which vehicles Traveling upon different highways joining at any other angles may come in conflict. It is synonymous to crossroads junctions, or crossings, -in a simpler language, intersection refers to the area of a roadway created when two or more roadways join together at any angle, as described in one of the following; 1\) If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines. 2\) If the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral boundary lines of the roadways. **CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF INTERSECTING ROAD:** **1. 3WAYS INTERSECTION**- it is commonly known as the t or y crossroad which links three roads. **2. 4-WAYS INTERSECTION** -- it is the most common type which involved the crossing of two roadways.it is either a perpendicular and it is called skewed intersection when the two roads cross at different angles. **3. 5-WAYS INTERSECTION**- it involves the crossing of five roads this type is the least common. **4. 6-WAYS INTERSECTION** -- it involves the crossing of three streets most often two perpendicular roads and one diagonal road. this type is very rare. **5. STAGGED INTERSECTION** -- it involves two successive t crossing. **CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC CONTROL:** **1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION** -- IT IS CONTROLLED BY ANY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES. **A. YIELD-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION** -- IT IS USUALLY CONTROLLED BY A YIELD SIGN OR GIVE WAY SIGN. **B. STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION**- A STOP SIGN IS USUALLY INSTALLED. MOST COMMON ARE THE TWO WAYS STOPS AN MOST COUNTRIES USE THE FOUR-WAYS STOPS OR THE FIRST-TO STOP FIRST TO GO RULE. **C. TRAFFIC CIRCLE-** TRAFFIC FLOW HERE DIRECTED BY A CIRCLE, ROTARY ISLAND, OR A RUNABOUT SIGN. **2.UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION**- THIS INTERSECTION HAS NO TRAFFIC SIGNALS OR TRAFFIC SIGNS.CROSSINGS IS BY OBSERVING THE RIGHT OF WAY RULE. **3. BOX JUNCTION**- THIS TYPE GENERALY PROHIBITS ENTRY UNLESS THE EXIT IS CLEAR. **4. CLOVERLEAF -** A HIGHWAY INTERCHAGE AT WHICH TWO HIGHWAYS, ONE CROSSING OVER THE OTHER, HAVE A SERIES OF ENTRANCE AND EXIT RAMPS RESEMBLINGS THE OUTLINE OF A FOUR- LEAF CLOVER AND ENABLING VEHICLES TO PROCEED IN EITHER DIRECTION ON EITHER HIGHWAY'S. IT IS THE INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERSECTION AS THE POINT WHERE TWO OR MORE STREETS, ROADS OR HIGHWAY MET WHICH ATTRIBUTED TO MOST TRAFFIC PROBLEMS OR CONFLICTS. IT GOES WITH IT THAT WHEN MOTOR VEHICLES CROSS EACH OTHERS PATH, INTERLOCKING OF TRAFFIC FLOWS OR SOMETIMES COLLISIONS OCCUR BECAUSE OF OCCUPYING THE SPACE AT ONE GIVEN TIME. **WHAT IS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT?** - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS THE APPLICATION OF THE PROCESSES AND SKILLS IN PLANNING ORGANIZING, STAFFING, DIRECTING, COORDINATING, AND BUDGETING TO TRAFFIC AFFAIRS. **TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT:** **THE TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ARE THE USED OR UTILIZATION OF:** 1\) traditional traffic engineering tools or devices, to regulate or control traffic, such as traffic lights, traffic signs. or pavement markings, traffic islands, and other devices that could control or direct the flow of traffic. 2\) Advance technology like the intelligent transportation system (its). Examples of its are the installation of road sensors for emergency cars global positioning devices on motor vehicles, and road sensors attached to traffic signal lights. **Why traffic management is necessary?** In every traffic management, three elements are necessary to be considered; These are the **road system**, **road users** and **the enforcement procedures**. failure to coordinate these elements in a particular highway and/or intersection may cause traffic related problems. **A. major causes of traffic congestion- based on studies conducted by authorities.** **1. Physical Inadequacy**- this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc. **2. Poor Control Measure** -- this characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulation. **3.Human Errors**- many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving hobbits and pedestrian mistakes, officers error, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic accidents which are mostly attributes to human errors. **4.Poor Maintenance**- oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting. **Specific traffic problems-** traffic managers and traffic control officers commonly encounter the following traffic related problems. **1.Traffic Build-up** -- it is characterized by the gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the highway. **2.Traffic Congestion** -- these are condition road networks that occurs as use increase and is characterized by slower speeds. **3.Traffic Jams** -- these are situations in highways in which the movement of traffic users is very slow or stationary. **4. Bottleneck** -- these are narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestion or traffic jams usually occur. **5. Gridlock** -- a state or condition of severe road congestion arising when continuous, queues of vehicles block entire network of intersecting streets. **6. Accidents** -- these are events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs, and/or death. **7. Collisions** -- these are incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person striking violently against another. **AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT**. 1\. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION(DOTC). LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE(LTO) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LAND TRANSPORTATION CODE FOR THE PHILIPINES (R.A.4136) LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND REGULATORY BOARD. (LTFRB) AND CONDUCTING TRAFFIC SAFETY SEMINARS. 2\. CITY MUNICIPAL ENGEENERS OFFICE -- IN THE LOCAL LEVEL, THESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLANNING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC FACILITIES WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY. 3\. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS(DPWH) THIS IS THE MAIN EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC FACILITIES. 4\. LEGISLATIVE. THE LEGISLATIVE BODIES ARE NOT ONLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PASSING OR AMMENDMENTS OF LAW CONCERNING TRAFFIC, ALSO THEY ARE INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING APPROVAL OF GOVERMENTS PROJECTS. 5\. PHILIPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) THE PNP THROUGH ITS HIGHWAY PATROL GROUP(HPG)(TMG)- IS RESPONSIBLE PRIMARILY FOR DIRECT ENFORCEMENT TRAFFIC LAWS. 6.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS (TMBS) -THESE ARE OFFICER CREATED MOSTLY UNDER THE OFFICES OF CITY MUNICIPAL MAYORS WITH THE PRIMARY TASK OF ASSISTING THE LOCAL PNP TRAFFIC DIVISIONS UNITS IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE TRAFFIC ORDINANCE/LAWS. 7\. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS -- SCHOOL BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BASIC TRAFFIC EDUCATION BY INTEGRATING IN THEIR RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS AND CURRICULUM SUBJECTS OR TOPICS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY. 8\. COURTS -- THE COURTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC-RELATED CASES FILED BEFORE THEM. 9\. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES- THE GOVERMENTS THROUGH THE PHILIPPINE INFORMATION AGENCY (PIA) PROVIDES THE NECESSARY UPDATES INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC. 10\. BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM (BPAT) MEMBERS. IN PARTICULAR THE BARANGAY TANODS OR BARANGAY SECURITY FORCERS ARE THE USUALY TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY AREA. PARTICULARLY DURING TIME OF EMERGENCY. 11\. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS. THE PRIVATE INSTITUTION OR ORGANIZATION ALSO HELP IN THE PREVENTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION BY ASSISTING GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN VARIUOS ACTIVITY.PARTICULARLY DURING SPECIAL OCCATION AND HOLIDAYS WHERE TRAFFIC PROBLEM IS HAPPEN. 12.TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE INTERNET). GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE OWNED PUBLICATIONS AND RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING COMPANIES PROVIDE NECESARRY AND UPDATES TRAFFIC RELATED INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THEIR RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS. WITH THE PROCCEDING A SUCCESSFUL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS NOT THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERMENTS BUT RATHER A CONCERTED EFFORT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS. **Lesson 2. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC** **CONCEPT:** **A. PILLARS OF TRAFFIC**- These are the main areas of traffic management which are also known as the "Es" of traffic. For a clearer understanding of the various areas of traffic management, **following pillars are conceived**. **1. Traffic Engineering** -- It is the science of measuring traffic and travel of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of this knowledge to the professional practice planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods. **A. Functions of Traffic Engineering**- agencies involved in traffic engineering usually perform the following task: 1.Fact-finding, surveys and regulations of traffic rules and regulations; 2.Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic controls devices; and 3.Planning of traffic regulations. **B. Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering** -- Like the other pillars of traffic management, traffic engineering is done by various government and non-government agencies; 1.DPWH. Its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern, draw origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning, approving funding and constructions of; a\. National Roads which interconnect cities and municipalities; network of national roads through cities and municipalities; and b\. Yearly maintenance and programs which includes widening and re- designing of current road systems. 2.Provincial Governments, these local government units have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the province 3.Municipal Governments. Their responsibilities are similar to the provincial government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the barangays 4.Chartered Cities. Their responsibilities are similar to that of the municipal government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the cities **C. Objectives of traffic Engineering;** In summary, agencies and individuals in traffic engineering and all the conducted programs, projects, and activities are all geared to: 1.To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic. 2.To prevent traffic accident. 3.To simplify police enforcement actions and performance. 4.To show that good police actions and performance makes engineering plans effective. 5.To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic problems. **D. When and where the Objectives of traffic Engineering applied?** Traffic engineers normally focused their task on places where traffic congestions, traffic accidents, traffic build-up, or traffic obstructions are likely to occur; 1.Habitually congested commercial areas. 2.Heavily travelled thoroughfares. 3.Congested local areas and intersections. 4.During specials occasions and events. 5.During disasters or emergencies 6.At school crossing. **2. Traffic Education.** It refers to any act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge on traffic or any matters relating to the use of the traffic way or roadways. Traffic safety is the primary concern of traffic education in the area of accident reduction and prevention. **The following are agencies and offices responsible for traffic education:** **A. Schools** (Public and Private) Traffic education can be carried out by imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety, and developing traffic safety morality. 1\. Elementary. In this level, traffic education is focused on safety and guides stressing traffic safety, classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and safety rules, organizing safety patrols. 2\. Secondary. Traffic education for high school students is geared towards school safety organizations 3\. Higher Education. Some colleges and universities offer and conduct courses regarding traffic safety subjects. **B. Public information Programs**. The public should be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic (dissemination of information). This can be done through the public information agency, newspapers radio and television broadcasting networks, and other forms of media. **C. Citizen Support Groups**. These are mostly composed by voluntary non-government organizations (NGOs), radio communication groups, rotary organizations and other voluntary clubs. These organizations usually develop citizen's responsibilities, conduct organized educational campaign, instill awareness of the traffic problems; and provide information regarding major traffic requirements and needs. **3. Traffic Enforcement.** This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations, **the following are the various agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic law:** **a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This office is responsible for the following:** 1.Vehicle registration 2.Vehicle Inspections 3.Drivers Licensing (examinations, suspensions, and revocations) 4.Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles. **b. Legislative Bodies**. Included are the Senate Congress, provincial Boards, and City and Municipal Councils. They are responsible for the passing and/or amending of laws and/or ordinances. **c. Police Traffic Enforcement**. This pillar is not limited to the PNP-HPG (formerly TMG) but it includes all government personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such as: 1.The Metropolitan manila Development Authority (MMDA) for the National Capital Region (NCR). 2.Police/Traffic Auxiliaries 3.LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad **4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment**. This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale of density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which result therein. **A. External Factors that influence the existing and future behavior of population.** The behaviors and attitudes of the people are also attributed to the easing or reduction of traffic problems. Below are incidents that may affect the behavior of the traffic way users or road users: 1.Rapidly increasing population growth. 2.Rapidly increasing urbanization. 3.Rapidly increasing motorization. 4.Industrialization and technical modernization. 5.Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public transportation facilities. **B. Alternatives.** A more pleasant environment can be achieved without negative implication for economy and trade, so that any reasonable step in this direction by decision-makers deserves support. The following are some of the proposed activities that may reduce the adverse effects of traffic development to our ecology: 1\. Towns are better with less traffic, so long as adequate provision is made for the mobility of workers and residents and the distribution of goods. It is of urgent necessity that National and Local Government develop efforts to reduce the adverse effects of motor traffic in urban areas. 2\. Where and when traffic congestion and its cost are serves and frequent, assures to reduce the use of private cars and goods. Vehicles and to improve alternative forms of transport should be introduced. 3\. To limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of service of buses and transport. 4\. Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever possible to improve the environment and safety for pedestrians. 5\. The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles should be encouraged like bicycle whenever practical. 6\. Motor Vehicle reduction scheme should also be Introduced. **C. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology** **(1) P.D. 1181** Providing for the prevention. Control and abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes**.** **"Sec.1** --The purpose is to prevent, control, and abate the emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of the people and to prevent or minimize damage to property and hazards to land transportation" 1.Letter of instruction No. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution control program. 2.R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act. An act providing for the regulation of motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use of the diesel and leaded gasoline. **5. Traffic Economy.** This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic status of the commuting public. -One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in the world market. -Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities. Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of travel but the productivity of an individual as well. **Lesson 3 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION** **What is Traffic Safety** **Education?** process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents. **Road Safety\-- refers to reduced risk of accident or injury of the roads** **A. Factors Contributing to Accidents** Human errors include: a\. going too fast or excessive speed; b\. failing to give at junctions; c\. following too closely; d\. overtaking improperly e\. misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead; f\. intoxication of alcohol or drug; and g\. lack of skill. **2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:** A. poor design of layout and control at junctions; B. inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting; C. slippery roads; and D. obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on-going road construction, etc. **3. Main Vehicle Factors are:** a\. defects in tires, brakes, and lights; b\. absence or non-using of seat belts; and c\. poorly maintained motor vehicles. **B. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:** 1\. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety; 2\. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and 3\. Developing traffic safety morality. **C. Traffic Safety for Children:** unsystematic and usually carried out in the home through parental education. 1\. Elementary -- pupils are discussing regarding traffic safety. 2\. Secondary -- this level initiates driver education program because students have reached the age to drive. 3\. Higher Education -- some universities and colleges offer and conduct courses to private and public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects. **D. Driver's Education-** In general, driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of driving. **E. Biorhythm** 1\. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness 2\. The four seasons 3\. Our wet and dry season 4\. The waxing and waning of the moon **The following are the most controversial theory of biorhythm;** **1.) 23 day cycle** - a.k.a. our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (male component of a person). **2.) 28 day** -- a.k.a. our cycle sensitivity, love and intuition (female component of a person) **3.) 33 day** intellectual cycle **When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm is said to be "HIGH"** 1\. Physical high -- we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vitality. 2\. Emotional high - we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and happy. 3\. Intellectual high -- we are able to think quickly and logically. **When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be "LOW"** 1\. Physical low -- we tend to tired quickly and to succumb to illness easily. 2\. Emotional low -- we feel moody, irritable, or depressed. 3\. Intellectual low -- this is called a critical day. **F. Importance of Biorhythm**- give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a certain day. **G. Safety Campaign** \- This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely. -Also known as the "propaganda" which may be intended simply to inform.