Chapter 1: Introduction to Sustainable Tourism PDF

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM OBJECTIVES 1. Define certain terminologies in sustainable tourism; 2.Distinguish the dimensions and components of the tourism industry, motivations for travel, tourism systems, data limitations in tourism; and 3.Discuss the history, types and object...

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM OBJECTIVES 1. Define certain terminologies in sustainable tourism; 2.Distinguish the dimensions and components of the tourism industry, motivations for travel, tourism systems, data limitations in tourism; and 3.Discuss the history, types and objectives of sustainable tourism. 2 WHAT IS TOURISM? 3  TOURISM Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. DEFINITION OF TERMS Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. 4 WHAT IS A TOURIST? 5  TOURIST Tourists tend to stay in their comfort zones a bit; they may speak only English instead of trying to learn phrases in the local language; stick to major cities instead of venturing to smaller towns or off-the-beaten-path locales; and stay in areas where the amenities are DEFINITION similar to what they have at home. OF TERMS Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be classified as leisure, business, family, mission and meeting. 6  EXCURSIONIST Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not making an overnight stay, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transits. DEFINITION OF TERMS 7  TRAVELER If you're a traveler, you may try to explore the less-traveled areas and explore locations where tourism doesn't drive the economy. You'll interact with locals. Your goals for a trip will be to learn and experience new things, rather than to take a relaxing break from DEFINITION everyday life. OF TERMS A traveler may consider a trip a journey rather than a vacation. 8 WHAT IS/ARE THE DIFFERENCE/S OF A TOURIST AND TRAVELER? 9  SUSTAINABILITY “sustain” means to cause to continue, or in force, to keep up, especially without interruption, diminution, to prolong and etc. DEFINITION Improving the quality of human life while living OF TERMS within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. 10  WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT? Tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. Rather than being a type of DEFINITION product, it is an ethos that underpins all tourism activities. OF TERMS “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and host communities" -World Tourism Organization 11 MOTIVATIONS OF TRAVEL  PUSH AND PULL FACTORS The PUSH and PULL factors will be dependent on the behavior of the tourism. Their behavior can be influenced by a number of factors including cultural conditioning, social influences, perception and education. But Crompton and McKay (1997) indicated motives are the starting point of the decision making process that leads to particular types of behavior.  PUSH AND PULL FACTORS PUSH The PUSH factors are a number of People who have a strong need or perceived negative factors about the desire to be with others (motive) may context in which the potential tourist attempt to engage in leisure activities, currently finds himself. such as going to bars and drinking that allow them increase their interactions with other people PULL (behavior) in hopes of developing The PULL factors are friendships (goal and satisfaction). perceived positive factors of a potential or - Mannell & Kleber (1997) real destination. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Most push factors are intrinsic motivators, such as the desire for escape, rest and relaxation, prestige, health and fitness, adventure and social interaction. Pull factors emerge due to the attractiveness of a destination, including beaches, recreation facilities and cultural attractions (Uysal and Jurowski, 1994).  MAJOR REASONS FOR TOURIST TRAVEL RYAN (1991), COHEN (1972), CROMPTON (1979), MATTHIESON & WALL (1982) Escape Social interaction Relaxation Sexual opportunity Play Educational opportunity Strengthening family bonds Self fulfillment Prestige (status) Wish fulfillment Shopping  MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL Chadwick (1987) provided a more simplified categorization of the reasons for tourist related journeys when he summarized the motivations for, and purpose of travel, under three main headings: ⊷Pleasure: leisure, culture, active sports, visiting friends and relatives (VFR) ⊷Professional: meetings, missions, business, etc ⊷Other purposes: study, health, transit THE TOURISM INDUSTRY 18 19  THE TOURIST SYSTEM Leiper (1990) attempted to link the tourism destination with the tourism generating region. Leiper’s model is an attempt to view tourism as a form of system, in which there is an operational structure built up of interacting components. 20 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT by Christaller ⊷ Destinations develop and change over time ⊷ There are different types of visitors at different times ⊷ The tourist experience changes over time ⊷ The impacts on the destination change over time ⊷ The involvement of locals in tourism destinations changes over time ⊷ New cycles involving new tourist destinations will occur 21  PSYCHOLOGY OF TOURIST by Plog (1973) Allocentric – groups of society who will be prepared to risk a far more uncertain holiday destination and they actively seek out the strange or unfamiliar locations. Psychocentric – particular psychological types who do not like unfamiliar environment or cultures, so when they select a holiday they will seek the familiar. 22 DOXEY’S IRRITATION INDEX (1975) 23 HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 24  Sustainable tourism is a paradigm that evolved as a reaction to criticism of tourism's unprincipled growth in Europe in the 1970s. Among the first who wrote about the negative environmental impacts of tourism was a Swiss researcher Jost Krippendorf. The researchers Mathieson and Wall (1982) defined sustainable tourism in terms of economical, physical and social impacts. The carrying capacity which will determine the level of impact, e.g. the number of visitors who can visit a particular area without affecting the area physically. 25  During the late 80´s the sustainable development approach was adapted as part of tourism development. The concept of sustainable development, a generic term, was defined by Brundlandt Commission (1987): Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Rio Conference was the starting point Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 1992. 26  Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally in every area in which human impacts on the environment. In 1992 Rio Earth Summit, there were little reference to the environmental and social impacts of tourism. Since Rio, international concern about the sustainability of tourism has grown steadily. Countries have endorsed declarations on a wide range of related topics including: tourism and sustainable development the social impact of tourism tourism and biodiversity tourism and ethics 27  Since the early 90s, the concept of sustainable tourism has begun to be used more often in academic circles and, to a lesser extent among tourism entrepreneurs. The birth of the concept of sustainable tourism was the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Sustainable Tourism in 1993. At that time, the concept has been highly debated, and it was received with hostility by the tourist industry, governments and local industry (Lane 2009:20). This new form of practicing tourism involved small companies or entrepreneurs, which aimed to support the community, preserving the environment and protecting local culture. One of the most prominent spokesmen of sustainable tourism, David Weaver, considers that "the main difference between the old and the new form of tourism is moving the focus from the wellbeing of the tourist to the wellbeing of the host community" (Weaver 1998:31). 28  In 1996, the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel & Tourism Council, and the Earth Council released their own action-plan, Agenda 21. The focus was in an effort to integrate tourism into broader sustainability discussions. In 2002 UNWTO had dedicated the year for Eco Tourism. Some 500 delegates from 100 countries selected four themes for the International Year of Ecotourism 2002.The four themes were: ecotourism policy and planning the regulation of ecotourism the marketing and promotion of ecotourism monitoring the costs and benefits of ecotourism 29  In 2002, the World Tourism Organization launched the Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty program. This initiative was launched in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. 2006 - International Task Force on Sustainable Tourism Development, subordinated to the United Nations Environment Programme. 2012 - RIO+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The final document, entitled “The future we want”, has a chapter for sustainable tourism, where the importance of tourism for sustainable development is recognized and the importance of funding sustainable tourism is emphasized. 30  2015 - The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by all UN Member States as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 2017 – International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development The analyses carried out by all the institutions that are part of global tourism sustainability projects are encouraging, although there’s still much to be done. 31  Between 2014 and 2015 the demand for sustainable destinations increased by nearly 50% (Booking.com) Approximately 83% of tourists prefer to pay more for a hotel that’s eco-friendly. The evolution that’s unfolding in the sustainable tourism sector is latent and indicates the growing awareness and sensitization of all the actors involved. This is all backed by data that support this necessary responsibility by the tourism sector. 32  o Responsible Tourism– is about “making better places for people to live in and better places for people to visit.” Responsible Tourism requires that operators, hoteliers, governments, local people and tourists take responsibility, take action to make tourism more sustainable. o Alternative Tourism – forms of tourism that set out to be consistent with natural, social and community values and which Types of allow both hosts and guests to enjoy positive and worthwhile Sustainable Tourism interaction and shared experiences’. 33  o Ecotourism – responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education” (TIES, 2015). o Low-Impact Tourism – is about sustainable travel and leisure activities that directly benefit local communities and that are respectful of wildlife, local people and their cultures – including travel that minimizes our negative impact on the environment and the places we Types of visit. o Soft Tourism - The concept of soft Sustainable Tourism tourism encompasses environmental and social compatibility, optimum wealth creation, and a "new culture of travel". 34 THANK YOU 35