Cost Accounting Chapter 1 PDF

Cost Accounting Sixteenth Edition Chapter 1 The Manager and Management Accounting Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, I...

Cost Accounting Sixteenth Edition Chapter 1 The Manager and Management Accounting Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 1.1 Distinguish financial accounting from management accounting 1.2 Understand how management accountants help firms make strategic decisions 1.3 Describe the set of business functions in the value chain and identify the dimensions of performance that customers are expecting of companies 1.4 Explain the five-step decision-making process and its role in management accounting Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 1.5 Describe three guidelines management accountants follow in supporting managers 1.6 Understand how management accounting fits into an organization’s structure 1.7 Understand what professional ethics mean to management accountants Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Accounting Discipline Overview (1 of 3) Management accounting measures, analyzes, and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill organizational goals. Management accounting need not be GAAP compliant. Managers use management accounting information to: – Develop, communicate and implement strategies – Coordinate product design, production, and marketing decisions and evaluate a company’s performance Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Accounting Discipline Overview (2 of 3) Financial accounting focuses on reporting financial information to external parties such as investors, governmental agencies, banks, and suppliers, based on GAAP. Cost Accounting measures, analyzes and reports financial and nonfinancial information related to the costs of acquiring or using resources in an organization. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Accounting Discipline Overview ( 3 of 3) Today, most accounting professionals take the perspective that cost information is part of the information collected to make management decisions; therefore the distinction between the two is not clear-cut and in your book and these PowerPoint presentations, we often use the terms interchangeably. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Major Differences Between Management and Financial Accounting EXHIBIT 1.1 Major Difference Between Management and Financial Accounting Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Strategic Decisions and the Management Accountant- (1 of 2) Strategy specifies how an organization matches its own capabilities with the opportunities in the marketplace There are two broad strategies: cost leadership and product differentiation Strategic cost management describes cost management that specifically focuses on strategic issues. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Strategic Decisions and the Management Accountant- (2 of 2) Management accounting information helps managers formulate strategy by answering questions such as the following: Who are our most important customers and what critical capability do we have to be competitive and deliver value to our customers? What is the bargaining power of our customers? What is the bargaining power of our suppliers? What substitute products exist in the marketplace and how do they differ from our product in terms of features, price, cost and quality? Will adequate cash be available to fund the strategy, or will additional funds need to be raised? Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Value-chain and Supply-Chain Analysis and Key Success Factors- (1 of 2) Creating value is an important part of planning and implementing strategy. Value is the usefulness a customer gains from a company’s product or service. The entire customer experience determines the value a customer derives from a product. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Value-chain and Supply-Chain Analysis and Key Success Factors – (2 of 2) The value chain is the sequence of business functions by which a product is made progressively more useful to customers. The value chain consists of: – Research & Development – Design of Products and Processes – Production – Marketing (including Sales) – Distribution – Customer Service Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Value Chain Illustrated EXHIBT 1.2 Different Parts of the Value Chain Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM is a strategy that integrates people and technology in all business functions to deepen relationships with customers, partners and distributors. CRM initiatives use technology to coordinate all customer- facing activities and design and production activities necessary to et products to customers. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supply-Chain Analysis Production and Distribution are the parts of the value chain associated with producing and delivering a product or service. These two functions together are known as the Supply Chain. The supply chain describes the flow of goods, services and information from the initial sources of materials, services and information to their delivery regardless of whether the activities occur in one organization or in multiple organizations. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supply Chain The Supply Chain describes the flow of goods, services and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of a product to consumers, regardless of whether those activities occur in one organization or in multiple organizations. EXHIBT 1.3 Supply Chain for a Cola Bottling Company Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Key Success Factors Customers want companies to use the value chain and supply chain to deliver ever-improving levels of performance when it comes to several (or even all) of the following: – Cost and efficiency – Quality – Time – Innovation – Sustainability Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Key Success Factors-Sustainability The interest in sustainability appears to be intensifying among companies for several reasons. Some of them are: More and more investors care about sustainability Companies that emphasize sustainability find that sustainability goals attract and inspire employees Customers prefer the products of companies with good sustainability records and boycott companies with poor sustainability records Society and activist, nongovernmental organizations monitor the sustainability performance of firms and take legal action against those that violate environmental laws. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Decision-making, Planning and Control: The Five-step Decision-making Process 1. Identify the problem/uncertainties 2. Obtain information 3. Make predictions about the future 4. Make decisions by choosing among alternatives 5. Implement the decision, evaluate performance and learn. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Planning and Control Systems (1 of 2) Planning consists of 1. selecting an organization’s goals and strategies 2. predicting results under various alternative ways of achieving those goals 3. deciding how to attain the desired goals, and 4. communicating the goals and how to achieve them to the entire organization. Management accountants serve as business partners in these planning activities because they understand the key success factors and what creates value. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Planning and Control Systems (2 of 2) Control comprises taking actions that implement the planning decisions evaluating past performance, and providing feedback and learning to help future decision making. The most important planning tool when implementing strategy is a budget. A budget is the quantitative expression of a proposed plan of action by management and is an aid to coordinating what needs to be done to execute that plan. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Management Accounting Guidelines Three guidelines help management accountants provide the most value to the strategic and operational decision- making of their companies: 1. The Cost-benefit approach compares the benefits of an action/purchase to the costs. Generally, of course, the benefits should exceed the costs. 2. Behavioral and technical considerations recognize, among other things, that management is primarily a human activity that should focus on encouraging individuals to do their jobs better. 3. Managers use alternative ways to compare costs in different decision-making situations because there are different costs for different purposes. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Line and Staff Relationships Organizations distinguish between line management and staff management. Line management is directly responsible for achieving the goals of the organization. Staff management provides advice, support and assistance to line management. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Organizational Structure and the Management Accountant Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Management Accounting Beyond the Numbers The successful management accountant possesses several skills and characteristics that reach well beyond basic analytical abilities. For example, management accountants must: 1. Work well in cross-functional teams and as a business partner 2. Promote fact-based analysis and make tough-minded, critical judgments without being adversarial 3. Lead and motivate people to change and be innovative 4. Communicate clearly, openly and candidly 5. Have high integrity. Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Professional Ethics The four standards of ethical conduct for management accountants as advanced by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) are: Competence Confidentiality Integrity Credibility Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) The Sarbanes-Oxley legislation was passed in 2002 in response to a series of corporate scandals. The act focuses on improving:  Internal controls  Corporate governance  Monitoring of managers  Disclosure practices of public companies Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms to Learn – (1 of 3) TERMS TO LEARN PAGE NUMBER REFERENCE Budget 10 Chief financial officer 14 Control 10 Controller 14 Cost accounting 3 Cost-benefit approach 12 Cost management 3 Customer relationship management (CRM) 6 Customer service 5 Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms to Learn – (2 of 3) TERMS TO LEARN PAGE NUMBER REFERENCE Design of products and processes 6 Distribution 5 Finance director 14 Financial accounting 2 Learning 11 Line management 13 Management accounting 3 Marketing 5 Planning 10 Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms to Learn – (3 of 3) TERMS TO LEARN PAGE NUMBER REFERENCE Production 5 Research & development (R&D) 5 Staff management 13 Strategic cost management 4 Strategy 4 Supply chain 6 Sustainability 7 Total quality management (TQM) 7 Value chain 5 Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.