Bio237 Fall 2024 Past Paper PDF - Chapter 16: Sense Organs

Bio237-Fall-2024 Chapter 16: Sense Organs Date: Name: TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. ⊚ true...

Bio237-Fall-2024 Chapter 16: Sense Organs Date: Name: TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. ⊚ true ⊚ false 2) Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch. ⊚ true ⊚ false 3) Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area. ⊚ true ⊚ false 4) Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers. ⊚ true ⊚ false 5) Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain. ⊚ true ⊚ false 6) Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors. ⊚ true ⊚ false 7) Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. ⊚ true ⊚ false 8) The ossicles belong to the middle ear. ⊚ true ⊚ false 9) The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical. ⊚ true ⊚ false 10) The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium. ⊚ true ⊚ false 11) The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber. ⊚ true ⊚ false 12) The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball. ⊚ true ⊚ false 13) Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium. ⊚ true ⊚ false 14) Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light. ⊚ true ⊚ false 15) Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin. ⊚ true ⊚ false MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 16) The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy. A) chemical B) mechanical C) thermal D) electrical E) nuclear 17) The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________. A) action potential B) graded potential C) local potential Page 1 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 D) sensory potential E) receptor potential 18) What is a sensation? A) A response of a sensory receptor B) A response of a sensory organ C) A subjective awareness of a stimulus D) An unconscious response to a stimulus E) A response to any conscious stimulus 19) Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________. A) thermoreceptors B) chemoreceptors C) nociceptors D) mechanoreceptors E) proprioceptors 20) Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries. A) mechanoreceptors B) chemoreceptors C) proprioceptors D) nociceptors E) thermoreceptors 21) You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon? A) The sensory projection of olfaction B) The projection pathway of olfaction C) The tonic nature of olfaction D) The phasic nature of olfaction E) The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant 22) Which organ does not have nociceptors? A) Brain B) Heart C) Kidney D) Stomach E) Skin 23) Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________. A) tactile discs B) tactile corpuscles C) lamellar corpuscles D) free nerve endings E) end bulbs 24) Which of the following is not ananalgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system? A) Endogenous opioid B) Dynorphin C) Enkephalins D) Endorphins E) Bradykinin 25) Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons? A) Midbrain B) Thalamus C) Spinothalamic tract D) Hypothalamus E) Postcentral gyrus 26) Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals? A) Nociceptors B) The spinothalamic tract C) Lower motor neurons D) Second-order neurons E) The reticulospinal tract 27) In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential? Page 2 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 A) Taste hairs B) Sensory nerve fibers C) Supporting cells D) Basal cells E) Gustatory cells 28) Which of the following structuresis visible to the naked eye? A) Lingual papilla B) Taste (gustatory) cell C) Taste hair D) Taste bud E) Taste pore 29) Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? A) Salty B) Umami C) Bitter D) Sweet E) Sour 30) What do pheromones stimulate? A) Hair cells B) Supporting cells C) Taste cells D) Olfactory cells E) Olfactory glands 31) Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? A) Parietal lobe B) Insula C) Occipital lobe D) Frontal lobe E) Temporal lobe 32) What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? A) Touch B) Olfaction C) Gustation D) Vision E) Equilibrium 33) The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations? A) 5 to 20 Hz B) 10 to 10,000 Hz C) 20 to 20,000 Hz D) 5 to 200,000 Hz E) 100 to 100,000 Hz 34) Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear? A) Tympanic membrane B) Helix C) Incus D) Semicircular duct E) Tensor tympani muscle 35) Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ? A) Cochlea B) Vestibule C) Semicircular duct D) Stapes E) Tympanic cavity 36) The incus articulates with which bone(s)? A) Malleus and stapes B) Malleus C) Stapes D) Malleus, stapes, and temporal Page 3 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 E) Malleus, stapes, and tympanic 37) Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ? A) Stereocilium B) Inner hair cell C) Tectorial membrane D) Round window E) Basilar membrane 38) The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures? A) Scala vestibuli B) Scala tympani C) Cochlear duct D) Anterior semicircular duct E) Vestibule 39) Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? A) Oval window B) Cochlear duct C) Auditory canal D) Auditory (eustachian) tube E) Tympanic cavity 40) Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway? A) Cochlear duct → spiral organ → ossicles → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → fibers of cochlear nerve B) Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → oval window → cochlear duct → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve C) Cochlear duct → oval window → auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve D) Tympanic membrane → auditory canal → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve E) Auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear duct → spiral organ → fibers of cochlear nerve 41) Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? A) Ossicles B) Cochlear hair cells C) Tympanic membrane D) Fibers of the cochlear nerve E) Tectorial membrane 42) Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates. A) K + B) Na + C) Ca 2+ D) Cl - E) Mg 2+ 43) A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur? A) The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end B) The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end C) The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end D) The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end E) The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end 44) When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________. A) cochlea B) saccule C) semicircular ducts D) utricle E) spiral organ 45) When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving? A) The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane B) The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane Page 4 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 C) The hair cells of the tectorial membrane D) The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi E) The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi 46) What is the crista ampullaris associated with? A) Static equilibrium when standing still B) Static acceleration in linear acceleration C) Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration D) Hearing high-pitch sounds E) Vision related to color 47) Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium? A) Otolithic membrane B) Semicircular canals C) Saccule D) Utricle E) Vallate papillae 48) What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front? A) Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion B) Ganglion - bipolar - photoreceptor C) Photoreceptor - ganglion - bipolar D) Ganglion - photoreceptor - bipolar E) Bipolar-photoreceptor-ganglion 49) Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm. A) 4 to 70 B) 40 to 700 C) 400 to 700 D) 400 to 7,000 E) 4,000 to 7,000 50) Which of the following is not considered anaccessory structure of the eye? A) Conjunctiva B) Palpebra C) Lacrimal apparatus D) Superior oblique E) Cornea 51) Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye? A) Aqueous humor B) Vitreous body C) Lens D) Retina E) Cornea 52) Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the __________ is obstructed so the aqueous humoris not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. A) scleral venous sinus B) posterior chamber C) anterior chamber D) lacrimal punctum E) tarsal gland opening 53) Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve. A) macula lutea B) optic disc C) fovea centralis D) ora serrata E) lens 54) When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________. A) emmetropia B) accommodation C) refraction D) myopia E) diplopia 55) An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image? Page 5 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 A) Hyperopia B) Myopia C) Presbyopia D) Emmetropia E) Astigmatism 56) Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision? A) Bipolar cells B) Rods C) Cones D) Ganglion cells E) Pigment cells 57) What event causes rhodopsin to gofrom violet to clear in color? A) Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal B) Cis-retinal bends to become trans-retinal C) Trans-retinal straightens to become cis-retinal D) Trans-retinal bends to become cis-retinal E) Trans-retinal quickly bends then straightens several times creating vibration 58) Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods? A) Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other. B) Rods do not function in bright light. C) No images are perceived within the optic disc. D) Cones do not detect black and white. E) Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision. 59) What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials? A) Rods B) Cones C) Ganglion cells D) Bipolar cells E) Horizontal cells 60) Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision? A) A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. B) Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. C) Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. D) Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities. E) There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones. 61) What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway? A) Optic nerve fibers B) Rods and cones C) Ganglion cells D) Bipolar cells E) Amacrine cells 62) Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________. A) superior colliculus B) optic chiasm C) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus D) optic foramen E) midbrain 63) Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________. A) activity of the extrinsic eye muscles B) change in the curvature of the lens C) constriction of the pupil D) ciliary muscle activity E) light adaptation 64) Which of the following are unencapsulated endings? A) Free nerve endings B) Tactile corpuscles C) End bulbs D) Muscle spindles Page 6 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 E) Pacinian corpuscles 65) Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain? A) Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex B) Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex C) Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex D) Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex E) Vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - vestibular nerve - cerebral cortex 66) The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature? A) The absorption peak of their photopsin B) The width of their outer segment C) Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both D) The number of discs in their outer segment E) Which layer of the retina they are in 67) What type of sensory receptor is pictured here?: NO need to do this question A) Lamellar corpuscle B) Tactile corpuscle C) Muscle spindle D) Tendon organ E) Tactile disc 68) What type of sensory receptor is pictured here? NO need to do this question A) Lamellar corpuscle B) Tactile corpuscle C) Muscle spindle D) Tendon organ E) Tactile disc 69) What sensory phenomenon is illustrated here? A) Referred pain B) Spinal gating of pain C) Proprioception D) Emmetropia E) Synesthesia 70) Which process is illustrated here? A) Transduction B) Sensation C) Perception D) Transmission E) Propagation Page 7 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 71) This picture illustrates the electrical excitation of hair cells. Vibrations of the cochlea cause the stereocilia to bend, pulling open K+ channels. K+ inflow through the open channels depolarizes the hair cell. Based on this, which of the following statements must be true? A) There is a higher concentration of K + in endolymph than in the intracellular solution of hair cells. B) There is a lower concentration of K + in endolymph than in the intracellular solution of hair cells. C) There is a higher concentration of K + in perilymph than in the intracellular solution of hair cells. D) There is a lower concentration of K + in perilymph than in the intracellular solution of hair cells. E) There is a higher concentration of K + in perilymph than in endolymph. 72) Examine this figure, then determine which statement is true. A) There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. B) There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. C) There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to low sensitivity but high resolution. D) There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to both high sensitivity and high resolution. E) Although both systems show equal levels of convergence, the photopic system utilizes more ganglion cells and is therefore more sensitive. Page 8 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 73) Which statement is true about scotopic vision as compared to photopic vision? A) There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. B) There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. C) There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to low sensitivity but high resolution. D) There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to both high sensitivity and high resolution. E) Although both systems show equal levels of convergence, the photopic system utilizes more ganglion cells and is therefore more sensitive. SECTION BREAK. Answer all the part questions. 74) 74.1) Which cranial nerve innervates the eye muscle labeled 1 in this diagram? A) Trochlear nerve (IV) B) Abducens nerve (VI) C) Oculomotor nerve (III) D) Optic nerve (I) E) Trigeminal nerve (V) 74.2) Which cranial nerve innervates the eye muscle labeled 2 in this diagram? A) Trochlear nerve (IV) B) Abducens nerve (VI) C) Oculomotor nerve (III) D) Optic nerve (I) E) Trigeminal nerve (V) 74.3) Which cranial nerve innervates the eye muscles labeled 3 in this diagram? A) Trochlear nerve (IV) B) Abducens nerve (VI) C) Oculomotor nerve (III) D) Optic nerve (I) Page 9 of 10  Bio237-Fall-2024 E) Trigeminal nerve (V) 75) 75.1) Use the absorption spectra graph to answer the following question.Equal activation of M and L cones (but no activity in S cones) will create the perception of which color? A) Green B) Red C) Yellow D) Blue E) Purple 75.2) Red lights are often used in photography dark rooms, in military bunkers, and other situations that require light to see by while also preserving night vision. Which of the following statements best explains why your eyes stay dark-adapted after exposure to red light? A) Since rods are not activated by long wavelengths, they are not subject to bleaching by red light. B) The absorption spectrum for rods overlaps with the absorption spectra for all three types of cones. C) Since rods do not contribute to color vision, colored lights do not affect them. D) Since rods are maximally responsive to 500 nm wavelengths, red light (700 nm) saturates them. E) The absorption spectrum for rods does not overlap with the absorption spectrum for L cones. 75.3) Use the absorption spectra graph to answer the following question.What percentages of maximum response in the three types of cones (S:M:L) will result in the perception of yellow light? A) 0:20:70 B) 0: 0:50 C) 0:80:30 D) 20:40:60 E) 15: 3: 0 Page 10 of 10