chap1-2.pdf

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. 1 Learning objectives:  Data processing  Data processing operation  Data processing cycle  Expanded data processing 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP)  WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING ? INPUT...

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. 1 Learning objectives:  Data processing  Data processing operation  Data processing cycle  Expanded data processing 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP)  WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING ? INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT 3 DATA : Collection of facts Raw information INFORMATION : Useful Information Facts in organised manner DATA PROCESSING : Sequence of actions required to be performed on data to convert it into results. 4  Categories of data processing.  Manual Data Processing  1. Mechanical data processing  2. Electronic data processing 5 Categories……………….continue… 1. Manual Data Processing ⚫ Pencil and paper ⚫ Work sheets ⚫ Journals ⚫ Ledgers 6 2. Mechanical Data Processing ⚫ Calculators ⚫ Adding Machines ⚫ Type writers 7 3. Electromechanical Data Processing ⚫ Card punch machines ⚫ Electric type writers ⚫ Accounting machines – Unit Record Equipment 8 4. Electronic Data Processing (EDP) ⚫ Calculators ⚫ Computers 9  Data Processing Cycle INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT  Input  Processing  Output 10 Expanded Data Processing Cycle  Origination  Input  Processing  Storage  Output  Distribution 11  AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING  Business Data Processing (BDP) ⚫ -it involves a large volume of input data, limited arithmetical operations, and relatively large volume output. Scientific Data Processing (SDP) -It involves a limited volume input and many logical or arithmetic calculations. Most of scientific problems are non-repetitive, requiring a “one-time” solution 12 Data Processing Operations 1. Recording and Storage 2. Verifying 3. Duplicating 4. Classifying 5. Sorting 6. Merging 7. Calculating 8. Searching and Retrieving 9. Summeriging and report writing 10. Communication 13 METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING  1. Batch Processing  2. On-line Processing  3. Real-time Processing  4. Distributed Processing 14  1. Batch Processing  - is a technique in which data to be processed or programs to be executed are collected into groups to permit convenient, efficient, and serial processing. It is the simplest form of data processing. With this method, data is entered into the information flow in large volumes, or batches. 15  2. On-line Processing  - the term “on line” refers to equipment or devices under the direct control of the central processing unit(CPU) of a computer. An on-line operation, then, is one which uses devices directly connected to the CPU either for data entry or inquiry purposes. It is an answer to batch processing deficiencies.  - information contained in any record is accessible to the user without the necessity of a sequential search of the file and within a fraction of a second after the inquiry message has been transmitted. 16  3. Real-time Processing  - is a method of data processing which has the capability of fast-response to obtain data form activity or physical process, perform computations, and return a response rapidly enough to effect the outcome of data immediately.  Ex. Airline reservation systems 17  4. Distributed Processing  - the most complex of data processing, generally consists of remote terminals linked to a large central computer system to help the user conduct inquiries about accounts, jobs, or other data processing operations. 18 History of Computers  …other presentation please.. 19 Data Processing: Earliest development in EDP:  World War II accelerated the development of a working general- purpose computer.  1. Mark 1 ⚫ -automatic sequence controlled calculator. ⚫ -50 feet long,8 feet high and 700,000 moving parts and hundred miles of wiring 20 Data Processing: Earliest development in EDP:  2. The ENIAC ⚫ -electronic numerical integrator and computer ⚫ - first general-purpose electronic computer ⚫ -18,000 vacuum tubes ⚫ -ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. ⚫ -by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania 21  3. EDVAC ⚫ -Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ⚫ -John von Neuman  -The EDVAC would employ binary arithmetic.  -The EDVAC would have stored- program capability *EDSAC-electronic delay storage automatic calculator 22  Generation of computers Generations Time Frame Descriptive Term Type of Computer Inventor First Vacuum 1946-1956 Mainframes Lee De Forest Generation Tubes Second William 1956-1964 Transistor Mainframes Generation Shockley Third Integrated Mainframes Jack Kilby, 1964-1970 Generation Circuit Minicomputers Robert Noyce Mainframes Fourth 1970-today Microprocessor Minicomputers Ted Hoff Generation Microcomputers 23 Data Processing 1. First Generation Computers (1946 – 1959) Major Components : Vacuum tubes. First large scale vacuum tube computer (1946) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was completed in 1946 by John Manchly and Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1500 Square feet, weight 30 tons, 19,000 tubes). 24  EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer) (1949)  Completed in 1949 at Cambridge University, England. First Computer to use the stored  Program concept.  EDVAC First American Computer to have stored program feature.  EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) completed in 1952.  1951 UNIVAC – I become operational at Census Bureau 25 Manufacture Model 1. More School of Electrical ENIVAC, EDVAC Engineering 2. Cambridge University EDSAC 3. UNIVAC UNIVAC-I, UNIVAC-II 4. Burroughs E101, Burroughs 2202 5. Honeywell Datamatic 1000 6. IBM Mark II, Mark III 7. National Cash Register – CRC CRC 102A, 102B 8. RCA BIZ MACI, II 26  Second Generation Computers (1959-65)  Solid – state devices (Transistors) 1000 times faster than First Generation Computers. 27  Manufacture Model Burroughs B5000, 200 series Control Data CDC 1604, 160A General Electric GE 635, 645, 200 Honeywell 400 Series, 800 series IBM 7070, 7080, 7090, 1400 series 1600 series RCA 501 Univac UNIVAC III, 5580, 5590, 1107 Philco 2000 NCR 300 28  Third Generation Computer (1965 - 1970)  IC - Integrated Circuits  Microsecond – 10 -6  Nanosecond 10 -9  Seconding storage devices, terminals 29  Manufacturer Model Burroughs 5700, 6700, 7700 Control Data 3000 series, 6000 series, 7000 series Digital Equipment PPP-8 series, PDP – II series General Electric GE 600 series, GE 235 Honeywell 200 series, 60 series IBM System / 360 series, System / 370 series RCA (increased by UNIVAC) Spectra 70 series UNIVAC 1108, 9000 series NCR Century series 30  Fourth Generation Computers (Since 1970)  Chip Technology  LSI - Large Scale Integrator Circuits  MSI – Mass Scale Integrated Circuits  Size of Chip - ¼ square inch  Semiconductor Technology 31  Fifth Generation Computers  AI – Artificial Intelligence  Parallel Processing 32 Electronic Data Processing  1. Hardware  2. Software  3. Peopleware 33  What is a Computer?  Computer ⚫A device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions 34 Hardware vs. Software 35  Hardware-The electronic circuits, memory and input/output components of a computer system; the “tangible objects” 36 CPU Monitor (screen) Mouse Keyboard 37 Hardware  Memory  RAM  Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD  Tape  CPU/Motherboard  Modem  Power Supply 38 RAM- Random Access Memory 39 ROM- Read Only Memory 40 CPU- Central Processing Unit 41 Looking at the CPU  CD Rom drive  3 ½ inch floppy disk drive  On/Off button  Restart button 42  Computer Structure The Box Input Devises Keyboard Mouse CPU Joystick Process Arithmetic Control Unit Logic Unit Output Devices Monitor Printer Main Memory (RAM) External Storage Hard disk Floppy 43  Computer Organization  Six logical units in every computer: ⚫ Input unit  Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) ⚫ Output unit  Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) ⚫ Memory unit  Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information 44 ⚫ Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)  Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions ⚫ Central processing unit (CPU)  Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer ⚫ Secondary storage unit  Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive programs 45 Software- A general term for computer programs and documentation involved in the operation of the computer 46 Software  Program  Operating System (OS)  DATA 47 Program- A sequence of instructions directing a computer to perform a particular function; a statement of an algorithm in a programming language. 48  Operating System- Interface between the Computer and User. A collection of programs for operating the computer. Operating systems perform housekeeping tasks such as input/output between the computer and peripherals, and accepting and interpreting information from the keyboard. -windows 98 -vista -windows 7 49 Evolution of Operating Systems  Batch processing ⚫ Do only one job or task at a time  Multiprogramming ⚫ Many jobs or tasks sharing a computer’s resources  Timesharing ⚫ Perform a small portion of one user’s job then moves on to service the next user 50 BOOTING 1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM Bios instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed. 3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk. Then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed. 51 ADVANTAGES OF EDP  1. Speed  2.Accuracy  3.Automatic Operation  4.Decision-making capability  5.Compact Storage  6.Discipline it imposses 52 Classification of computers 1. Classification by purpose a)General purpose computers b)Special purpose computers 2. Classification by Type of Data Handled a)Analog Computers b)Digital Computers c)Hybrid Computers 53 Classification of Computers According to Capacity 1.Microcomputers 2.Minicomputers 3.Medium-size computers 4.Large computers 5.Supercomputers 54 Computer Capabilities 1. Ability to perform certain logic operations 2. Ability to provide new time dimension 3. Ability to store and retrieve information 4. Ability to control error 5. Ability to check itself 55 Computer Limitations 1. Dependence on prepared instruction. 2. Inability to derive meaning from objects 3. Inability to generate information. 4. It cannot correct wrong instruction. 56 Why computers sometimes fail? A. Input error B. Error in instructing a computer. C. The communication gap. D. Improper control. E. Lack of standards. F. Lack of adequate manufacturer support. 57 4 functional unit of a computer 1) Central processing unit 2) Input unit 3) Output unit 4) Auxiliary or secondary storage unit 58  Component of CPU 1) Control unit 2) Arithmetic/logic unit 3) Memory unit Operation performed by CPU 1.Input operation 2.Output operations 3.Processing operations 59 Types of Input/Output units 1. Line printer 1. Impact printer 2. Non-impact printer 2.Card read/Punch machine 3.Paper tape reader 4.Magnetic Ink Reader 5.Optical Character reader 60 Storage Devices 1. Magnetic tape units 2. Magnetic Disk units 3. Magnetic drum units 61 62 Punch Cards 63 64 Punched Tape 65 Magnetic Drum Memory 66 The Hard Disk Drive 67 Magnetic Tape 68 Magnetic Tape 69 Data recording media 1. Punched card 2. The hollerith code 3. Other form of punched card 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79  Magnetic Storage Devices Floppy Disk Hard Disk Tape 6A-80  Tracks and Sectors 6A-81  Illustrated Hard Disk 6A-82 Data recording media 1. Printed output 2. Diskette 3. Paper tape 4. Magnetic tape 5. Cassette tape 83 84 Data Representation  Computer memory ⚫ Millions of switches (relays)  Two possible states ⚫ on or off ⚫ open or closed ⚫ charged or discharged (like a capacitor)  Each switch is a “bit” – one binary digit ⚫ The “on” state is binary 1 ⚫ The “off” state is binary 0 85 Data Representation  Bits – when grouped together can ⚫ Be used to represent any number using the binary (base 2) number system  Bytes – 8 bit groupings ⚫ Most fundamental measure of memory  256 Megabytes of memory ⚫ 2,048,000,000 bits ⚫ 1 Byte = 1 Character ⚫ K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo) ⚫ M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega) ⚫ G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga) 86 Units of Size Unit Abbreviat Size (bytes) ion bit b 1/8 byte B 1 kilobyte KB 210 = 1024 megabyte MB 220 = 1,048,576 gigabyte GB 230 = 1,073,741,824 terabyte TB 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 petabyte PB 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 87 Number Systems  People ⚫ work in base 10  Computers ⚫ work in base 2  Engineers ⚫ often work in other groupings of computer bits  Octal – base eight  Hexadecimal – base sixteen 88 Number Systems  Base 2  Base 10 1012 12210 1 x 20 = 110 2 x 100 0 x 21 = 010 2 x 101 1 x 22 = 410 1 x 102 510 89 Number Systems  3 binary digits can Decimal Octal Binary 0 0 000 be used to 1 1 001 represent eight 2 2 010 possible values 3 3 011 (octal) 4 4 100 5 5 101 010 = 0002 = 08 6 6 110 7 7 111 710 = 1112 = 78 8 9 90 COMPUTER LANGUAGES  Three types of programming languages - Machine Languages, - Assembly Languages, - High-level Languages ⚫ Machine languages  Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions  Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 ⚫ Assembly languages  English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers)  Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY 91 COMPUTER LANGUAGES ⚫ High-level languages  Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations (translated via compilers)  Example:  Fortran, Basic, COBOL, C and C++ grossPay = basePay + overTimePay 92 93