Chapter 3: Water and Environmental Fitness (Biology, Eighth Edition)

Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing a...

Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70–95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-1 Why does the abundance of water allow life to exist on the planet Earth? Concept 3.1: The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding The water molecule is a polar molecule: The opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other Animation: Water Structure Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-2 t e r wa e n e e tw s b s nd u le – b o l ec en mo Hydrogen r og bond d + Hy H —— O – + —— H – + – + Fig. 3-UN1 Concept 3.2: Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are: – Cohesive and Adhesive behavior – Ability to moderate temperature – Expansion upon freezing – Versatility (‫ ) براعه‬as a solvent Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cohesion Collectively, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon called cohesion Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants Adhesion is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls Animation: Water Transport Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Fig. 3-3 ts an pl in Adhesion rt po ns Water-conducting tra cells er at W Direction Cohesion of water 150 µm movement  Surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid Surface tension is related to cohesion Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Fig. 3-4 W alk i ng on wa te r Moderation of Temperature Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Heat and Temperature Kinetic energy is the energy of motion Heat is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion Temperature measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The Celsius scale is a measure of temperature using Celsius degrees (°C) A calorie (cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C The “calories” on food packages are actually kilocalories (kcal), where 1 kcal = 1,000 cal The joule (J) is another unit of energy where 1 J = 0.239 cal, or 1 cal = 4.184 J Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Water’s High Specific Heat The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/ºC Water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Water’s high specific heat can be traced to hydrogen bonding – Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break – Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-5 The effect of a large body of water on climate Burbank San Bernardino Santa Barbara 73° 90° 100° Los Angeles Riverside 96° (Airport) 75° Santa Ana Palm Springs 70s (°F) 84° 106° 80s Pacific Ocean 90s 100s San Diego 72° 40 miles Evaporative Cooling Evaporation is transformation of a substance from liquid to gas Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative cooling Evaporative cooling of water helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Insulation (‫ )عازلة‬of Bodies of Water by Floating Ice Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered,” making ice less dense Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-6 Ice: crystalline structure and floating barrier Hydrogen bond Ice Liquid water Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Fig. 3-6a Hydrogen bond Ice Liquid water Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds break and re-form The Solvent of Life A solution is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution The solute is the substance that is dissolved An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Ta ble Fig. 3-7 sa lt d i ss olv i ng i nw ate r Cl– Na+ – – + + + – – + – Cl– Na+ – – + + – – – + – +  Water can also dissolve compounds made of nonionic polar molecules Even large polar molecules such as proteins can dissolve in water if they have ionic and polar regions Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-8 A water-soluble protein (a) Lysozyme molecule in a (b) Lysozyme molecule (purple) in an aqueous (c) Ionic and polar regions nonaqueous environment environment on the protein’s surface attract water molecules. Fig. 3-8ab A water-soluble protein (a) Lysozyme molecule in a (b) Lysozyme molecule (purple) in an aqueous nonaqueous environment environment Fig. 3-8bc A water-soluble protein (b) Lysozyme molecule (purple) in an aqueous (c) Ionic and polar regions environment on the protein’s surface attract water molecules. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances A hydrophilic substance is one that has an affinity for water A hydrophobic substance is one that does not have an affinity for water Oil molecules are hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds A colloid is a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions Most biochemical reactions occur in water Chemical reactions depend on collisions of molecules and therefore on the concentration of solutes in an aqueous solution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Molecular mass is the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule Numbers of molecules are usually measured in moles, where 1 mole (mol) = 6.02 x 1023 molecules Avogadro’s number and the unit dalton were defined such that 6.02 x 1023 daltons = 1 g Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 3.3: Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms A hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other: – The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) – The molecule with the extra proton is now a hydronium ion (H3O+), though it is often represented as H+ – The molecule that lost the proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH–) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Water is in a state of dynamic equilibrium in which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-UN2 water molecules dissociation H H O H O O H O H H H H 2H2O Hydronium Hydroxide ion (H3O+) ion (OH–)  Though statistically rare, the dissociation of water molecules has a great effect on organisms Changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– can drastically affect the chemistry of a cell Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Effects of Changes in pH Concentrations of H+ and OH– are equal in pure water Adding certain solutes, called acids and bases, modifies the concentrations of H+ and OH– Biologists use something called the pH scale to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic (the opposite of acidic) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Acids and Bases An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The pH Scale In any aqueous solution at 25°C the product of H+ and OH– is constant and can be written as [H+] [OH–] = 10–14 The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration, written as pH = –log [H+] For a neutral aqueous solution [H+] is 10–7 = –(–7) = 7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7 Basic solutions have pH values greater than 7 Most biological fluids have pH values in the range of 6 to 8 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The pH scale and pH pH Scale 0 values of some aqueous 1 solutions Battery acid Gastric juice, 2 lemon juice Increasingly Acidic H+ H+ [H+] > [OH–] – H + H+ OH 3 Vinegar, beer, OH– H H+ + wine, cola H+ H+ Acidic 4 Tomato juice solution Black coffee 5 Rainwater 6 Urine OH– OH– Saliva Neutral H+ H OH– 7 Pure water [H+] = [OH–] + OH– OH– + Human blood, tears H+ H+ H 8 Seawater Neutral solution 9 Increasingly Basic [H+] < [OH–] 10 Milk of magnesia OH– OH– 11 OH– H+ OH– OH OH – – Household ammonia H + OH– 12 Basic solution Household 13 bleach Oven cleaner 14 Buffers The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH 7 Buffers are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution Most buffers consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Threats to Water Quality on Earth Acid precipitation refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6 Acid precipitation is caused mainly by the mixing of different pollutants with water in the air and can fall at some distance from the source of pollutants Acid precipitation can damage life in lakes and streams Effects of acid precipitation on soil chemistry are contributing to the decline of some forests Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3-10 0 More 1 acidic 2 3 Acid 4 rain 5 Normal 6 rain 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 More 14 basic  Human activities such as burning fossil fuels threaten water quality CO2 is released by fossil fuel combustion and contributes to: – A warming of earth called the “greenhouse” effect – Acidification of the oceans; this leads to a decrease in the ability of corals ‫الشعب المرجانية‬ to form calcified reefs ‫الشعاب المرجانية‬ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Fig. 3-11 What is the effect of carbonate ion concentration on coral reef calcification? Calcification rate (mmol CaCO3 per m2 per day) RESULTS 40 0 20 EXPERIMENT 150 200 250 [CO32–] (µmol/kg) 300 Fig. 3-11a EXPERIMENT What is the effect of carbonate ion concentration on coral reef calcification? Fig. 3-11b RESULTS 40 Calcification rate per m2 per day) (mmol CaCO3 20 0 150 200 250 300 [CO32–] (µmol/kg) Fig. 3-UN3 – Hydrogen + bond H – O + H – + + – Fig. 3-UN4 Ice: stable hydro- Liquid water: gen bonds transient hydrogen bonds Fig. 3-UN5 0 Acidic [H+] > [OH–] Acids donate H+ in aqueous solutions Neutral [H+] = [OH–] 7 Bases donate OH– or accept H+ in Basic aqueous solutions [H+] < [OH–] 14 Fig. 3-UN6 Surface of Mars Surface of Earth Fig. 3-UN7 You should now be able to: 1. List and explain the four properties of water that emerge as a result of its ability to form hydrogen bonds 2. Distinguish between the following sets of terms: hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances; a solute, a solvent, and a solution 3. Define acid, base, and pH 4. Explain how buffers work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings