Chapter 2 - Economic Activity PDF
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This document provides an overview of economic activity, focusing specifically on primary, secondary and tertiary industries. It details types of economic activities and farming. Examples are provided in several categories.
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Chapter 2 - Economic Activity Types Of Economic Activity: (Page 28) There are many types of work and industries. Together they are called economic activity. Economic means money and wealth. People's work is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary industries. ...
Chapter 2 - Economic Activity Types Of Economic Activity: (Page 28) There are many types of work and industries. Together they are called economic activity. Economic means money and wealth. People's work is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Primary industries employ people to collect or produce natural resources from the land or sea. Examples include farming, fishing, and mining. Secondary industries (manufactural) employ people to make things. This is mostly made from raw material and involves assembling different parts. Examples include steel making and car assembly. Tertiary industries (service) provide a service for people. No goods are made in this type of industry. Examples included Teachers, Nurses, Shopkeepers, etc. The employment structure is the proportion of people working in primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Recently a new group has been introduced known as the quaternary industry. They provide a high-tech service that carries out research. Examples include Research scientists and A.I (Artificial Intelligence) Main Types of Farming (Page 30) Agricultureorfarmingis how people produce food by growing crops and raising animals. The main types of farming include: 1.Arable: the ploughing of land and growing of crops. 2.Pastoral: Land is left under the grass for grazing of animals. 3.Mixed: Both crops and animals are reared in the same area. Factors of farming are divided into Physical and Human. Physical factors include climate, soils, and relief(height) Human factors include farm size, technology, machinery, distance from markets, transport, and demand. Arable Farming: Cattle Farming: Hill Sheep Farming: Mixed Farming: Types Of Farming: (Notebook) Subsistence farming:A form of agriculture in which most crops are livestock and are used to maintain the farmers' lives leaving very little produce for trade. Intensive farming:The farmer grows a plot of land using tools and labour. Primitive farming:Agriculture includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding Nomadic Herding: Farmers move with their animals (like cows, goats, or camels) from place to place. They are looking for water and fresh grass for their animals. They move because the weather and land conditions change, making it hard to stay in one spot. They follow specific paths that they know will lead them to good places for their animals. Shifting Cultivation: Farmers cut down trees and burn them to clear a piece of land for planting crops. The burning makes the soil rich for a short time, so they can grow food. But after a while, the soil loses its nutrients and can’t grow crops well. When the soil is no longer good, the farmers leave that land and move to a new area to start over. Commercial farming:In commercial farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market. The area cultivated is large and machines do most work. Inmixed farming, land is used for growing food and rearing livestock Incommercial grain farming(arable farming) crops are grown for commercial purposes Plantationsare a type of commercial farming where a single crop of coffee, tea, etc. is grown Primary Industries Input Process Output Water 1.Ploughing Wheat Moderate 2.Sewing Chaff climate Seeds 3. Irrigation Leftover plant Machines 4. Weeding Pollution Land or soil Labour Factors affecting the location of industry (Page 34) Before building a factory, a manufacturer should try to work out the best site for its location. It is unusual to find a perfect site for a factory. Industrialised:A country with highly developed industries that uses advanced machinery and skilled workers. The Iron And Steel Industry: In the early 19th century. Large amounts of coal were needed to smelt iron ore. These, together with limestone, were found in valleys of South Wales. Iron factories were built on the flat, narrow valley. They also had to be near urban areas that provided a large amount of unskilled workers that were needed. Secondary industries Input Process Output Iron ore 1.Smelting Steel Coal 1.Refining Iron sheets Limestone labour Blast furnaces Shaping machines Choosing the right site - Car industry (Page 36) As raw materials are used up, as transport improves, modern factories tend to be located in areas where many people live. This is mainly because present-day industries need large markets to sell their goods. A model car consists of many small parts, each made in its own factories. Tertiary Industries (school) Input Process Output t eachers/labou Management H ealthy r teaching environment C lassroom C ommunication F unctional necessities( with students school whiteboard and teachers etc.) If the factories making these parts are all close together, then it is cheaper and easier for the manufacturer to assemble them. Transport is important for moving car parts, assembled cars, and workers. Today, industrial growth is more likely in areas where there are most people. In these places, new factories are opening and jobs are easier to get. The just-in-time system of manufacture is where components (car parts) are supplied to the assembly line just minutes before they are needed. Expensive parts do not have to be stored on-site so costs are reduced. Just-in-time needs a good transport system for it to work. What is the tourist industry (Page 38) Tourists are people who travel for pleasure. The tourist industry helps these people by getting them to the places they want to visit and then looks after them while they are there to ensure they relax and enjoy themselves. Tourism has become one of the world's fastest-growing industries and it now employs more people worldwide than any other economic activity. Tourism continues to grow because: 1. Many people are earning more money and have more leisure time 2.Transport between places has become faster, cheaper and easier 3.There is a wider range of holiday destinations and activities which people may have seen on TV or in adverts in the media 4.Package holidays often include the total cost of travel, accommodation and meals. Tourism is an important factor in the economy of most developed countries. In many developing countries it is often seen as the best way to obtain income and create jobs. Advantages Disadvantages 1. Improves living 1. Can cause overcrowding, standards by creating litter, and even the use jobs in hotels, of drugs. restaurants, cafes etc. 2.Enables schools, roads, 2.Local culture and and hospitals to be built t radition is lost. Jobs become seasonal, and shopping gets expensive. Where do tourists go (Page 40) Every year, more and more people are taking holidays, more places are visited and there are more things to do. Transport has improved. It is also both cheaper and quicker, making it possible to visit almost anywhere in the world Even so, countries in Europe are by far the most popular tourist destinations, especially Spain and Italy with their hot, dry Mediterranean summers. Many people also visit France, Germany and the UK to see their historical attractions. France and In more recent years a group of developing countries lying within the tropics have benefited from tourism. These countries include Kenya, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and some Caribbean islands. As well as more places being visited around the world, there are more holidays for tourists to choose from. What are high-tech industries (Page 42) High-tech industries make products such as microchips, computers and mobile phones. They have been the growth industry in recent years. They use the most advanced manufacturing methods and put great emphasis on research and development of new products. They employ a highly skilled workforce and work in huge organisations with offices and factories around the world. For example, Microsoft, Google, and OpenAI A firm is a business providing a service. Firms that make high-tech products often group together in science and business parks. Science Parks Business Parks Same igh-tech and H o not have D ocated on the L have direct links links with the edge of the with a university university. May city, greenfield include sites. superstores, hotels, and leisure centres. here are more business parks T than science parks Disadvantages of Science and Business parks: An overuse of cars can cause traffic congestion at busy times. Edge-of-town sites can be far from shops and services in the town centre. Firms may prefer to be by themselves as to keep new ideas a secret. At times, it may be difficult for firms to find enough skilled workers. Advantages of Business and Science Parks: Where are high-tech industries located?(Page 44) Industries in decline are called sunset industries. - Telephone booth industries, Post industry, oil and gas extraction. - In the UK, Shipbuilding, steelmaking and Chemical manufacturing are sunset industries. Sunrise industries are growth industries. - These include high-tech industries like Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI. High-tech industries have a much freer choice of location:
