Ch.2 Geo.pdf

‭Chapter 2 - Economic Activity‬ ‭Types Of Economic Activity: (Page 28)‬ ‭‬ ‭There are many types of work and industries.‬ ‭Together they are called economic activity.‬ ‭‬ ‭Economic means money and wealth.‬ ‭‬ ‭People's work is divided into primary, secondary‬ ‭and tertiary industries.‬ ‭‬...

‭Chapter 2 - Economic Activity‬ ‭Types Of Economic Activity: (Page 28)‬ ‭‬ ‭There are many types of work and industries.‬ ‭Together they are called economic activity.‬ ‭‬ ‭Economic means money and wealth.‬ ‭‬ ‭People's work is divided into primary, secondary‬ ‭and tertiary industries.‬ ‭‬ ‭Primary industries employ people to collect or‬ ‭produce natural resources from the land or sea.‬ ‭‬ ‭Examples include farming, fishing, and mining.‬ ‭‬ ‭Secondary industries (manufactural) employ people‬ ‭to make things. This is mostly made from raw‬ ‭material and involves assembling different parts.‬ ‭‬ ‭Examples include steel making and car assembly.‬ ‭‬ ‭Tertiary industries (service) provide a service for‬ ‭people. No goods are made in this type of industry.‬ ‭‬ ‭Examples included Teachers, Nurses, Shopkeepers,‬ ‭etc.‬ ‭‬ ‭The employment structure is the proportion of‬ ‭people working in primary, secondary and tertiary‬ ‭industries.‬  ‭‬ ‭Recently a new group has been introduced known as‬ ‭the quaternary industry. They provide a high-tech‬ ‭service that carries out research.‬ ‭‬ ‭Examples include Research scientists and A.I‬ ‭(Artificial Intelligence)‬ ‭Main Types of Farming (Page 30)‬ ‭‬‭Agriculture‬‭or‬‭farming‬‭is how people produce food‬ ‭by growing crops and raising animals. The main‬ ‭types of farming include:‬ ‭1.‬‭Arable‬‭: the ploughing of land and growing of crops.‬ ‭2.‬‭Pastoral‬‭: Land is left under the grass for grazing‬ ‭of animals.‬ ‭3.‬‭Mixed‬‭: Both crops and animals are reared in the‬ ‭same area.‬ ‭‬ ‭Factors of farming are divided into Physical and‬ ‭Human.‬ ‭‬ ‭Physical factors include climate, soils, and‬ ‭relief(height)‬ ‭‬ ‭Human factors include farm size, technology,‬ ‭machinery, distance from markets, transport, and‬ ‭demand.‬ ‭Arable Farming: Cattle Farming:‬ ‭Hill Sheep Farming: Mixed Farming: ‬ ‭Types Of Farming: (Notebook)‬ ‭‬ ‭Subsistence farming:‬‭A form of agriculture in‬ ‭which most crops are livestock and are used to‬ ‭maintain the farmers' lives leaving very little‬ ‭produce for trade.‬ ‭‬ ‭Intensive farming:‬‭The farmer grows a plot of‬ ‭land using tools and labour.‬ ‭‬ ‭Primitive farming:‬‭Agriculture includes shifting‬ ‭cultivation and nomadic herding‬  ‭Nomadic Herding:‬ ‭‬ ‭Farmers move with their animals (like cows,‬ ‭goats, or camels) from place to place.‬ ‭‬ ‭They are looking for water and fresh grass for‬ ‭their animals. They move because the weather‬ ‭and land conditions change, making it hard to‬ ‭stay in one spot.‬ ‭‬ ‭They follow specific paths that they know will‬ ‭lead them to good places for their animals.‬ ‭Shifting Cultivation:‬ ‭‬ ‭Farmers cut down trees and burn them to‬ ‭clear a piece of land for planting crops.‬ ‭‬ ‭The burning makes the soil rich for a short‬ ‭time, so they can grow food. But after a while,‬ ‭the soil loses its nutrients and can’t grow‬ ‭crops well.‬ ‭‬ ‭When the soil is no longer good, the farmers‬ ‭leave that land and move to a new area to start‬ ‭over.‬ ‭‬ ‭Commercial farming:‬‭In commercial farming, crops‬ ‭are grown and animals are reared for sale in the‬  ‭market. The area cultivated is large and machines‬ ‭do most work.‬ ‭‬ ‭In‬‭mixed farming‬‭, land is used for growing food‬ ‭and rearing livestock‬ ‭‬ ‭In‬‭commercial grain farming‬‭(arable farming)‬ ‭crops are grown for commercial purposes‬ ‭‬ ‭Plantations‬‭are a type of commercial farming‬ ‭where a single crop of coffee, tea, etc. is grown‬ ‭Primary Industries‬ ‭Input‬ ‭Process‬ ‭Output‬ ‭‬ ‭Water‬ ‭1.‬‭Ploughing‬ ‭‬ ‭Wheat‬ ‭‬ ‭Moderate‬ ‭2.‬‭Sewing‬ ‭‬ ‭Chaff‬ ‭climate‬ ‭‬ ‭Seeds‬ ‭3. Irrigation‬ ‭‬ ‭Leftover‬ ‭plant‬ ‭‬ ‭Machines‬ ‭4. Weeding‬ ‭‬ ‭Pollution‬ ‭‬ ‭Land or soil‬ ‭‬ ‭Labour‬ ‭Factors affecting the location of industry (Page 34)‬ ‭‬ ‭Before building a factory, a manufacturer should‬ ‭try to work out the best site for its location. It is‬ ‭unusual to find a perfect site for a factory.‬ ‭‬ ‭Industrialised:‬‭A country with highly developed‬ ‭industries that uses advanced machinery and‬ ‭skilled workers.‬ ‭The Iron And Steel Industry:‬ ‭‬ ‭In the early 19th century. Large amounts of coal were‬ ‭needed to smelt iron ore. These, together with‬ ‭limestone, were found in valleys of South Wales.‬ ‭‬ ‭Iron factories were built on the flat, narrow valley.‬ ‭‬ ‭They also had to be near urban areas that provided a‬ ‭large amount of unskilled workers that were needed.‬  ‭Secondary industries‬ ‭Input‬ ‭Process‬ ‭Output‬ ‭‬ ‭Iron ore‬ ‭1.‬‭Smelting‬ ‭‬ ‭Steel‬ ‭‬ ‭Coal‬ ‭1.‬‭Refining‬ ‭‬ ‭Iron sheets‬ ‭‬ ‭Limestone‬ ‭‬ ‭labour‬ ‭‬ ‭Blast‬ ‭furnaces‬ ‭‬ ‭Shaping‬ ‭machines‬ ‭Choosing the right site - Car industry (Page 36)‬ ‭‬ ‭As raw materials are used up, as transport‬ ‭improves, modern factories tend to be located in‬ ‭areas where many people live. This is mainly‬ ‭because present-day industries need large markets‬ ‭to sell their goods.‬ ‭‬ ‭A model car consists of many small parts, each‬ ‭made in its own factories.‬  ‭Tertiary Industries (school)‬ ‭Input‬ ‭Process‬ ‭Output‬ ‭‬ t‭ eachers/labou‬ ‭‬ ‭Management‬ ‭‬ H ‭ ealthy‬ ‭r‬ ‭teaching‬ ‭environment‬ ‭‬ C ‭ lassroom‬ ‭‬ C ‭ ommunication‬ ‭‬ F ‭ unctional‬ ‭necessities(‬ ‭with students‬ ‭school‬ ‭whiteboard‬ ‭and teachers‬ ‭etc.)‬ ‭‬ ‭If the factories making these parts are all close‬ ‭together, then it is cheaper and easier for the‬ ‭manufacturer to assemble them.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transport is important for moving car parts,‬ ‭assembled cars, and workers.‬ ‭‬ ‭Today, industrial growth is more likely in areas‬ ‭where there are most people.‬ ‭‬ ‭In these places, new factories are opening and jobs‬ ‭are easier to get.‬ ‭‬ ‭The just-in-time system of manufacture is where‬ ‭components (car parts) are supplied to the‬ ‭assembly line just minutes before they are needed.‬  ‭Expensive parts do not have to be stored on-site‬ ‭so costs are reduced. Just-in-time needs a good‬ ‭transport system for it to work.‬ ‭What is the tourist industry (Page 38)‬ ‭‬ ‭Tourists are people who travel for pleasure. The‬ ‭tourist industry helps these people by getting‬ ‭them to the places they want to visit and then‬ ‭looks after them while they are there to ensure‬ ‭they relax and enjoy themselves.‬ ‭‬ ‭Tourism has become one of the world's‬ ‭fastest-growing industries and it now employs‬ ‭more people worldwide than any other economic‬ ‭activity.‬ ‭Tourism continues to grow because:‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Many people are earning more money and have‬ ‭more leisure time‬ ‭2.‬‭Transport between places has become faster,‬ ‭cheaper and easier‬ ‭3.‬‭There is a wider range of holiday destinations‬ ‭and activities which people may have seen on‬ ‭TV or in adverts in the media‬  ‭4.‬‭Package holidays often include the total cost‬ ‭of travel, accommodation and meals.‬ ‭‬ ‭Tourism is an important factor in the economy of‬ ‭most developed countries.‬ ‭‬ ‭In many developing countries it is often seen as‬ ‭the best way to obtain income and create jobs.‬ ‭Advantages‬ ‭Disadvantages‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Improves living‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Can cause overcrowding,‬ ‭standards by creating‬ ‭litter, and even the use‬ ‭jobs in hotels,‬ ‭of drugs.‬ ‭restaurants, cafes etc.‬ ‭2.‬‭Enables schools, roads,‬ ‭2.‬‭Local culture and‬ ‭and hospitals to be built‬ t‭ radition is lost. Jobs‬ ‭become seasonal, and‬ ‭shopping gets expensive.‬ ‭Where do tourists go (Page 40)‬ ‭‬ ‭Every year, more and more people are taking‬ ‭holidays, more places are visited and there are‬ ‭more things to do.‬ ‭‬ ‭Transport has improved. It is also both cheaper‬ ‭and quicker, making it possible to visit almost‬ ‭anywhere in the world‬ ‭‬ ‭Even so, countries in Europe are by far the most‬ ‭popular tourist destinations, especially Spain and‬ ‭Italy with their hot, dry Mediterranean summers.‬ ‭‬ ‭Many people also visit France, Germany and the UK‬ ‭to see their historical attractions. France and‬ ‭‬ ‭In more recent years a group of developing‬ ‭countries lying within the tropics have benefited‬ ‭from tourism. These countries include Kenya, Sri‬ ‭Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and some Caribbean‬ ‭islands.‬ ‭‬ ‭As well as more places being visited around the‬ ‭world, there are more holidays for tourists to‬ ‭choose from.‬ ‭What are high-tech industries (Page 42)‬ ‭‬ ‭High-tech industries make products such as‬ ‭microchips, computers and mobile phones.‬ ‭‬ ‭They have been the growth industry in recent‬ ‭years.‬ ‭‬ ‭They use the most advanced manufacturing‬ ‭methods and put great emphasis on research and‬ ‭development of new products.‬ ‭‬ ‭They employ a highly skilled workforce and work in‬ ‭huge organisations with offices and factories‬ ‭around the world.‬ ‭‬ ‭For example, Microsoft, Google, and OpenAI‬ ‭‬ ‭A firm is a business providing a service.‬ ‭‬ ‭Firms that make high-tech products often group‬ ‭together in science and business parks.‬ ‭Science Parks‬ ‭Business Parks‬ ‭Same‬ ‭ igh-tech and‬ H ‭ o not have‬ D ‭ ocated on the‬ L ‭have direct links‬ ‭links with the‬ ‭edge of the‬ ‭with a university‬ ‭university. May‬ ‭city, greenfield‬ ‭include‬ ‭sites.‬ ‭superstores,‬ ‭hotels, and‬ ‭leisure centres.‬  ‭ here are more business parks‬ T ‭than science parks‬ ‭Disadvantages of Science and Business parks:‬ ‭‬ ‭An overuse of cars can cause traffic congestion at‬ ‭busy times.‬ ‭‬ ‭Edge-of-town sites can be far from shops and‬ ‭services in the town centre.‬ ‭‬ ‭Firms may prefer to be by themselves as to keep‬ ‭new ideas a secret.‬ ‭‬ ‭At times, it may be difficult for firms to find‬ ‭enough skilled workers.‬ ‭Advantages of Business and Science Parks:‬ ‭Where are high-tech industries located?(Page 44)‬ ‭‬ ‭Industries in decline are called sunset industries.‬ ‭-‬ ‭Telephone booth industries, Post industry, oil and‬ ‭gas extraction.‬ ‭-‬ ‭In the UK, Shipbuilding, steelmaking and Chemical‬ ‭manufacturing are sunset industries.‬ ‭‬ ‭Sunrise industries are growth industries.‬ ‭-‬ ‭These include high-tech industries like Google,‬ ‭Microsoft, and OpenAI.‬ ‭‬ ‭High-tech industries have a much freer choice‬ ‭of location:‬