Chapter 1: An Introduction to Life on Earth PDF

Chapter 1 An Introduction To Life On Earth Characteristics of Living Things Grow Respond to Stimuli (tropism, etc.) Energy and Materials are needed (Metabolism) – photosynthesis, respiration. Organized Complexity Capable of Evolving (potential) Reproduce Use acronyms to reme...

Chapter 1 An Introduction To Life On Earth Characteristics of Living Things Grow Respond to Stimuli (tropism, etc.) Energy and Materials are needed (Metabolism) – photosynthesis, respiration. Organized Complexity Capable of Evolving (potential) Reproduce Use acronyms to remember! ❑ Evolution – all organisms are related by common ancestry. [Genetic change or allele frequency change in a population over time] - by Darwin and Wallace ▪ Natural Selection results in Adaptation ▪ Natural Selection causes Evolution ▪ Evolution can lead to Speciation ▪ Extinction eliminates Species ▪ Species - Interbreed and produce fertile offspring ▪ Population: members of the same species living in the same area 1. Organisms are classified by evolutionary relationship (phylogenetic tree), named by binomial system (ex. Homo sapiens) 2. Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals Levels of Organization of Matter - studies at all levels. All matters are formed of elements. An atom is the smallest particle of an element. Classification System ❑ Domain: Bacteria, Archeaea, Eukarya ❑ Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes (nuclear membrane exists or not) ❑ Depending on energy source ❑ Autotroph (“self-feeder”): photosynthesizer ❑ Heterotroph (“other-feeder”): has to obtain energy from other sources ❑ Classification Hierarchy Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species “Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security” ❑ Scientific name: by Linnaeus – Genus + epithet In Latin, bi-nomial, italic, first letter Capital (Ex) Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli Science of Biology ❑ Principles apply to other areas ❑ Scientific inquiry is based on a set of assumptions Certain assumptions are thoroughly tested and validated. They are called Scientific Principles.  ❑ Scientific Principles: 1. Uniformity in space and time 2. Natural Causality 3. Common perception Hypothesis developed to theories to natural law (broad scope) by thorough tests ❑ Scientific theory, Belief (based on faith) and Opinion (thought) Scientific theory - testable, repeatable (reproducible), falsifiable (means ‘not absolute’) ❑ Scientific method (How to test scientific principles) 1. Observation (Question) 2. Hypothesis (Prediction) 3. Experiment 4. Conclusion How to know “Scientific” (testable, falsifiable?) Observation: Your car does not start Hypothesis: The battery is dead Experiment: Replace the battery with the battery from your neighbour's car Conclusion: Confirms the hypothesis variables: Independent (experimental): what you vary in experiments., Dependent variable: what you measure or observe in experiments, determined by independent variables, Control: other factors remain constant. For comparison (no variables changed) * Only one variable manipulated at a time – good design. Redi’s This experiment illustrates Natural Causality. This experiment disproved ‘Spontaneous Generation’ ❑ Science vs Pseudoscience Evidence vs Argument Uncertainty vs certainty Insecurity vs security (Ex) Astronomy vs Astrology ❑ Science is a never-ending quest - “meaning that anything can be changed” ❑ Learn from mistakes (Ex) Penicillin by Fleming, Cholera vaccine by Pasteur - There are many drug which is repurposed for their good Side effects.