Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geography PDF

ch1 Chapter1 Geographers use maps but they are used to convey info (not just maps) spatial patterns: why do people move from one area to another, should we study this pattern? orr why do rural areas have cleanest air? Maps objective or subjective: subjective someone makes every map you see, and they...

ch1 Chapter1 Geographers use maps but they are used to convey info (not just maps) spatial patterns: why do people move from one area to another, should we study this pattern? orr why do rural areas have cleanest air? Maps objective or subjective: subjective someone makes every map you see, and they have their own opinions biases etc Globalization: increasing interconnectedness of people around the world, people are more reliant on each other around the world we are connected in all sorts of ways, the sheer number of people meeting internationally is what makes globalization we are connected in terms of what we consume we are connected when you look at the cargo vessels transporting things everywhere Region: an area that is defined by one or more criteria our book is divided into regions, each chapter is a region and the author decided the region criteria examples North Africa predominantly Muslim has a bit more in common culturally with the Middle East so we'll put it in there They probably said culturally Mexico has a lot in common with Central and South America. Many Central and South American countries not all many are Spanish-speaking. Many are predominantly Catholic Weather: what's happening right now in terms of temperature and precipitation Climate: climate is what you can expect compiled a lot of data averaged it out, now we have data about what you should expect Koppen climate classification system, shows a heat map of types of temp Anthropocene: characterized by people altering the environment in permanent / irreversible. started 200 years ago industrial revolution marks start of Anthropocene Climate change: alterations we've made to the atmosphere since start of industrial revolution Causes things like CO2 pollution in cities sewage infrastructure pollutes water sources Effects rising sea levels glaciers melting / glacial retreat trees moving farther up on mountains Vineyards are having to adapt to the changing climate. In some cases, they are planting different grape varietals that are better suited to the now hotter and drier conditions, as the traditional ones are no longer viable. migration of birds that like different climates 2023 was our hottest year on record Human vulnerability certain populations more vulnerable to climate change than others Location: makes you more vulnerable extreme heat, violent floods, smoke pollution from wildfires Level of wealth: makes you less vulnerable can you afford to keep a/c on Water: variety of uses Agricultural, powerplants, infrastructure, hygiene, need it to survive, industry, recreation With climate change area's experiencing extreme drout pulling water out of aquafers faster than it re-charges Takes a lot of water to raise cattle, and to grow plants to feed the cattle some argue against eating meat COP28 Conference: world sends reps and they meet to discuss / debate what should be done about climate change, emissions and global energy most recent meeting they couldn't come to an agreement which would involve setting a hard date to weed out fossil fuels frustrated environmentalist Ecosystem: is compromised of different organisms that are living in the same area, and they are reliant on one another. energy transfer infographic Ecosystems provide us with services cool temperatures food purify water examples: mangroves can protect against storm surge , wetlands provide protection too biodiversity: refers to the number of different plant and animal species in a given area rewilding: occurs when people re-introduce a plant or animal to an area when it was previously eliminated from that area. people do this in an effort to bring the ecosystem back to it's natural balance Evasive species: in order to be invasive it must meet two criteria 1. not native, from some place else 2. it needs to harm the native species, if it's eating the native species or out competing native species 3. examples: cats, European starling, lion fish Sustainability: striking a balance between ensuring we are thriving and doing well, while not compromising the ability of future generations to thrive thriving can mean socially, economic, and environmental example we can buy tuna today in excess, but if we fish them faster than they reproduce future generations won't have the same benefit Economy: forum in which people earn a living: formal economy: if it's a job where at the end of a year you get a W-2 it's part of the formal economy informal economy: side gigs where the goverment isn't aware of the economic activity going on Economic activities: make up the economy 1. primary activities 1. agriculture 2. gathering industries 3. extractive industries 2. Secondary activities 1. manufacturing 2. processing 3. construction 4. power production 3. Tertiary activities 1. retail and wholesale trade 2. personal and professional services 4. Quaternary activities 1. information 2. research 3. management 5. Quinary activities 1. executive decision makers Multinational Corporations (MNCs): corporations that have offices / manufacturing facilities in multiple facilities Outsourcing: hiring another company to make part of your product cause it may be cheaper, while still being in the United States Offshoring: shifting the manufacture of part of our products overseas, we own the factories but benefit from lower labor costs overseas Offshore Outsourcing: different company overseas is making part of our product for us in the process of offshoring we become a multinational corporation Gross Domestic Product(GDP): means of measuring economic development consumption expenditure: paying tuition to tcu, rent an apartment, going to lunch, buy a car all part of it investment expenditure: investment in new businesses, investment in increasing capacity goverment expenditure: all the things the goverment is spending tax dollars on military, disaster relief net exports: amount sold to other economies - amount imported = GDP purchasing power: the value of money in terms of what it can buy at a specified time and place. differences in purchasing power eg: NYC vs FW Human well-being: increasing recognition that the economy is important but human well being is as well what is necessary? zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, education gender equality human development index: long life and healthy life: life expectancy at birth knowledge: expected a decent standard of living: Colonialism: when one state or country subjugates another usually that colonizing force exploits the victim country for labor while taking resources, force to learn new language etc key aspect of colonialism is that the incoming force intends to stay long term, IE: they plan to build cities and integrate w population imperialism: when one state uses it's economic, military power to exert influence over others more broad term than colonialism Sovereign state: to be a sovereign state u have to have having internationally recognized and respected borders all of these states have governments that can control what happens laws, regulations etc Nation: refer specifically to a group of people that identify really strongly with one another (shared language, costumes, religion) State: is associated with a country (IE: state of Canada) Nationalism: refers to the feeling of belonging to a nation, and you feel the people within that nation have a right to self-determination about what happens to that group. dark side to nationalism: some prioritize one group over and others, viewing minorities as beneath them Nation-state: when you have a state that is a country, where almost everyone living in that country is part of that same nation. everyone is Icelandic with viking heritage Multi-nation state: multiple different ethnic groups that identify closely with one another Stateless nation: when you have a nation (group of ppl shared traditions), and they do not have their own state Failed state: when the goverment loses the ability to govern, can't regulate the economy Supernational organization: An organization that has multiple countries as members (UN, USMCA) Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): they are not reliant on any goverment for anything Religion: thousands of different religions around the world Language: Form of communication, written or spoken, structured, reflects ways in which groups understand wold around them Lingua Franca: learning a second language that is more widely spoken like English and Hindi to facilitate opportunities in many country's around the world you have people that speak many different languages Nationality: it's the country that you are the citizen of, the country that will issue you your passport you could have two nationalities and be citizens of two countries. Race: your physical characteristics determine your race Ethnicity: is what you learn, you grow up and learn specific traditions, how to do things in a certain way Sex: what are you or as; xx or xy Gender: socially constructed, more complex than what you were born as social expectations put on you based upon who you were born as, social expectations differ varying on the society. Gender Identity: how do you see yourself, do you see yourself on the feminine side of the spectrum or masculine side? Class: your class is determined by your economic wealth access to resources: clean water, good education, diverse food Sexuality: who are you attracted to? are you attracted to the same sex or opposite sex. influences your experiences in the world and how you are treated. Crude birth rates: number of babies born per thousand people in the population in a given year the underlying reason for people dying isn't the same between regions chloropreth map might be used to visualize this Total fertility rate (TFR): total number of babies women are expected to have over the course of their lifetime TFR have been on a downward trajectory for many years now TFR has dropped partially because it's normalized to education women, women who are more educated tend to get careers and get married later Replacement level fertility: average number of children each woman needs to have to ensure that one generation can exactly replace itself without migration in a perfect world the replacement level fertility would be 2, if all of the women had two kids one of the children would replace all the moms and the other child would replace all the guys Migration: people moving to a place intending to stay long term Emigration: If I plan to move to Canada Immigration: arrival and settling in a new place, acceptance into the nation Why people leave their country? push factors: factors pushing you away from a place (negative usually) pull factors: factors that are pulling someone towards a place (positive) Population Pyramids: provide a visual graphic of what a population looks like visual snapshot of whats happening in countries population triangle shape might mean population increasing Demographic transition theory: theory trying to predict what would happen in every country around the world in terms of population Stages Stage 1Preidustrial: high death rate high birth rate Stage 2 Transition: we see big gap between birth rate and death rate, death rate down but population growing Stage 3 Transition: death rate keeps dropping Stage 4 Industrial: birth rate finally meeting the death rate, more people working in factories other similar jobs Stage 5 postindustrial: birth rates dropping below the death rate Urbanization: more and more people are moving into Urban areas, big pull factor from rural areas to Urban is jobs megacities are 10million ppl plus large city 5 10 million ppl DFW airport, is so big in multiple cities it has it's own zip code END CH1