Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition PDF

Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy &...

Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior  2 Chapter 15 Respiratory System Lecture Outline © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  3 Respiration Respiration includes the following processes: 1. Ventilation, or breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs 2. The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the air in the lungs and the blood 3. The transport of O2 and CO2 in the © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  4 Functions 1. Respiration 2. Regulation of blood pH 3. Voice Production 4. Olfaction 5. Innate Immunity © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  5 Upper Respiratory Tract External nose Nasal cavity Pharynx © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  6 Respiratory System 1 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.1  7 Nose 1 External nose: composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage Nasal cavity: extends from nares (nostrils) to choane choana: openings to pharynx hard palate is its roof © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  8 Nose 2 Paranasal sinuses: air filled spaces within bone open into nasal cavity lined with mucous Conchae: on each side of nasal cavity increase surface area of nasal cavity help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  9 Nose 3 Nasolacrimal ducts: carry tears from eyes open into nasal cavity © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  10 Functions of the Nose Filters Airway for respiration Involved in speech Olfactory receptors Warms air Sneezing dislodges materials from nose © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  11 Pharynx 1 Pharynx: a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems Nasopharynx: takes in air Oropharynx: extends from uvula to epiglottis takes in food, drink, and air Laryngopharynx: extends from epiglottis to esophagus food and drink pass through © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  12 Pharynx 2 Uvula: “little grape” extension of soft palate Pharyngeal tonsil: aids in defending against infections © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  13 Nasal Cavity and Pharynx Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.2a  14 Lower Respiratory Tract Larynx – lower portions of Trachea Bronchi Lungs © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  15 Respiratory System 2 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.1  16 Larynx 1 Located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea Consists of cartilages Thyroid cartilage: largest piece of cartilage called Adam’s apple © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  17 Larynx 2 Epiglottis: piece of cartilage flap that prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  18 Larynx 3 Vocal folds/cords: source of voice production air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is produced force of air determine loudness tension determines pitch Laryngitis: inflammation of vocal folds caused by overuse, dry air, infection © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  19 Anatomy of the Larynx Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.3  20 Vestibular and Vocal Folds Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.4 (b) ©CNRI/Science Source  21 Trachea Windpipe Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage Contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epi. Smoking kills cilia Coughing dislodges materials from trachea Divides into right and left primary © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  22 Bronchi Divide from trachea Connect to lungs Lined with cilia Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  23 Lungs Primary organ of respiration Cone shaped The base rests on the diaphragm The apex extends above the clavicle Right lung has 3 lobes Left lung has 2 lobes Contains many air passageways (divisions) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  24 Lung Airway Passages 1 1. Primary bronchi 2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi 3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi 4. Bronchioles 5. Terminal bronchioles 6. Respiratory bronchioles 7. Alveolar ducts 8. Alveoli Structures become smaller and more numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  25 Anatomy of the Trachea and Lungs Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.5  26 Lungs, Lung Lobes, and Bronchi Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.6  27 Lung Airway Passages 2 Alveoli: small air sacs where gas exchange occurs surrounded by capillaries 300 million in lungs Asthma attack: contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to reduced air flow © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  28 Bronchioles and Alveoli Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.7  29 Respiratory Membrane In lungs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries Alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles also contribute Very thin for diffusion of gases © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  30 Layers of Respiratory Membrane Thin layer of fluid from alveolus Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous) Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium Thin interstitial space Basement membrane of capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium (simple © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Alveolus and the Respiratory 31 Membrane Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.8  32 Pleural Membranes and Cavities Pleura: double-layered membrane around lungs Parietal pleura: membrane that lines thoracic cavity Visceral pleura: membrane that covers lung’s surface Pleural cavity: space around each lung © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  33 Pleural Cavities and Membranes Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.9  34 Ventilation Ventilation (breathing): a process of moving air in and out of the lungs uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  35 Phases of Ventilation Inspiration: breathe in uses the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles Expiration: breathe out uses the diaphragm Forceful expiration: uses internal intercostal muscles © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Effect of the Muscles of Respiration on 36 Thoracic Volume Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.10  37 Pressure Changes and Air Flow When thoracic cavity volume increases pressure decreases When thoracic cavity volume decreases pressure increases Air flows from areas of high to low pressure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  38 Inspiration Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands Thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases Atmospheric pressure is greater than (high) alveolar pressure (low) Air moves into alveoli (lungs) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  39 Expiration Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils Thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases Alveolar pressure is greater than (high) atmospheric pressure (low) Air moves out of lungs © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Inspiration and Expiration Pressure 40 Changes Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.11  41 Lung Recoil Lung recoil: is the tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size occurs during quiet expiration is due to elastic fibers and thin film of fluid lining alveoli © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  42 Surfactant Surfactant: a mixture of lipoproteins is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin fluid lining alveoli reduces surface tension keeps lungs from collapsing © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  43 Pleural Pressure Pleural pressure is: pressure in the pleural cavity less than alveolar pressure keep the alveoli from collapsing © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Factors that Influence Pulmonary 44 Ventilation Lung elasticity: lungs need to recoil between ventilations decreased by emphysema Lung compliance: expansion of thoracic cavity affected if rib cage is damaged Respiratory passageway resistance: © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  45 Pulmonary Volumes 1 Spirometer: device that measures pulmonary volumes Tidal volume (TV): volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  46 Pulmonary Volumes 2 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration Residual volume (RV): volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximal expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  47 Pulmonary Volumes 3 Vital capacity (VC): max. amount of air a person can expire after a max. inspiration VC = IRV + ERV + TV Total lung capacity (TLC): TLC = VC + RV © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Respiratory Volumes and Respiratory 48 Capacities Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.12  Factors that Influence Pulmonary 49 Volumes Gender Age Height Weight © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  50 Gas Exchange 1 Respiratory membrane: where gas exchange between blood and air occurs primarily alveoli some in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  51 Gas Exchange 2 Respiratory membrane: does NOT occur in bronchioles, bronchi, trachea influenced by thickness of membrane, total area of membrane, partial pressure of gases © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  52 Respiratory Membrane Thickness Increased thickness decreases rate of diffusion Pulmonary edema decreases diffusion Rate of gas exchange is decreased O2 exchange is affected before CO2 because CO2 diffuse more easily than O2 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  53 Respiratory Membrane Surface Area Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball court) Decreased due to removal of lung tissue, destruction from cancer, emphysema © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  54 Partial Pressure Partial pressure: the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases the total atmospheric pressure of all gases at sea level is 760 mm Hg the atmosphere is 21% O2 the partial pressure for O2 is 160 mm Hg the upper case letter P represents partial pressure of a certain gas (Po2) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  55 Diffusion of Gases in Lungs Cells in body use O2 and produce CO2. Blood returning from tissues and entering lungs has a decreased Po2 and increased Pco2 O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood) CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  56 Gas Exchange Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.13  57 Diffusion of Gases in Tissues Blood flow from lungs through left side of heart to tissue capillaries Oxygen diffuses from capillaries into interstitial fluid because Po2 in interstitial fluid is lower than capillary Oxygen diffuses from interstitial fluid into cells (Po2) is less © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  58 Gas Exchange in the Tissues Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.14a  59 Gas Exchange in the Lungs Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.14b  Carbon Dioxide Transport and 60 Blood pH 1 CO2 diffuses from cells into capillaries CO2 enters blood and is transported in plasma, combined with blood proteins, bicarbonate ions CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 bicarbonate ions dissociate into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Carbon Dioxide Transport and 61 Blood pH 2 Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of CO2 reacting with water CO2 levels increase blood pH decreases © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  62 Rhythmic Ventilation Normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute (adults). In children, the rates are higher and may vary from 20 to 40 per minute. The rhythm is controlled by neurons in the medulla oblongata. Rate is determined by the number of times respiratory muscles are stimulated. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  63 Respiratory Structures in the Brainstem Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.15  64 Nervous Control of Breathing Higher brain centers allow voluntary breathing Emotions and speech affect breathing Hering-Breuer Reflex: inhibits respiratory center when lungs are stretched during inspiration © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Nervous and Chemical Mechanisms of 65 Breathing Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.16  66 Chemical Control of Breathing Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata respond to changes in blood pH Blood pH are produced by changes in blood CO2 levels An increase in CO2 causes decreased pH, result is increased breathing Low blood levels of O2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies, increased breathing © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  67 Regulation of Blood pH Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15.17