Chapter 11: The Muscular System (Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology)

Lecture PowerPoint Accessibility standards-compliant Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 11 The Muscular System...

Lecture PowerPoint Accessibility standards-compliant Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 11 The Muscular System Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  3 Learning Outcomes (1 of 2) 11-1 Describe the arrangement of fascicles in the various types of muscles, and explain the resulting functional differences. 11-2 Describe the classes of levers, and explain how they make muscles more efficient. 11-3 Predict the actions of a muscle on the basis of its origin and insertion, and explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movements. 11-4 Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  4 Learning Outcomes (2 of 2) 11-5 Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular muscles. 11-6 Identify the principal axial muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation. 11-7 Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation, and compare the major functional differences between the upper and lower limbs. 11-8 Explain the functional relationship between the muscular system and other body systems, and explain the role of exercise in producing various responses in other body systems. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  5 An Introduction to the Muscular System  The muscular system – Consists only of skeletal muscles – Muscle organization dramatically affects power, range, and speed of movement Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  6 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement Learning Outcome: Describe the arrangement of fascicles in the various types of muscles, and explain the resulting functional differences.  Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called fascicles  Muscles are classified based on patterns of fascicle arrangement – Parallel muscles – Convergent muscles – Pennate muscles – Circular muscles Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  7 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement  Parallel muscles – Fascicles are parallel to long axis of muscle – Some are flat – Cylindrical muscles have a central body (belly) Example: biceps brachii – Tension developed during a contraction depends on total number of myofibrils Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Parallel muscle (Biceps brachii) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Parallel muscle with tendinous bands (Rectus abdominis) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1c Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Wrapping muscle (Supinator) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  11 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement  Convergent muscles – Muscle fibers spread out like a fan and converge on an attachment site Example: pectoralis muscles – Muscle may pull on Tendon Aponeurosis Raphe (slender band of collagen fibers) – Fibers pull in different directions, depending on activity Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1d Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Convergent muscle (Pectoralis) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  13 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement  Pennate muscles – Muscle fibers pull at an angle relative to tendon – Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles Do not move their tendons as far Contain more myofibrils Develop more tension Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  14 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement  Pennate muscles – Unipennate All fascicles on same side of tendon Example: extensor digitorum – Bipennate Fascicles on both sides of a central tendon Example: rectus femoris – Multipennate Tendon branches within muscle Example: deltoid Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Unipennate muscle (Extensor digitorum) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Bipennate muscle (Rectus femoris) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1g Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Multipennate muscle (Deltoid) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement  Circular muscles (sphincters) – Act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts – Surround body openings and hollow organs Contraction makes diameter of opening smaller Example: orbicularis oris of the mouth Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–1h Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement. Circular muscle (Orbicularis oris) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11-2 Levers Learning Outcome: Describe the classes of levers, and explain how they make muscles more efficient.  Almost all skeletal muscles attach to bones – Site of connection to a bone affects force, speed, and range of movement  Each bone acts as a lever (a rigid, moving structure) – Moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when muscles provide applied force to overcome the load – Each joint is a fulcrum Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  21 11-2 Levers  Levers can change – Direction of applied force (AF) – Distance and speed produced by AF – Effective strength of AF  Three classes of levers – Based on relative positions of applied force, fulcrum, and load First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  22 11-2 Levers  First-class lever – Fulcrum lies between applied force and load – Like a pry bar or crowbar – Example: extension of the neck and lifting the head Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–2a The Three Classes of Levers. First-class lever Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  24 11-2 Levers  Second-class lever – Load lies between applied force and fulcrum – Like a wheelbarrow – Small force moves a large weight – Example: ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–2b The Three Classes of Levers. Second-class lever Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  26 11-2 Levers  Third-class lever – Applied force is between load and fulcrum – Like a pair of tongs – Most common lever in the body – Maximizes speed and distance traveled at expense of effective force Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–2c The Three Classes of Levers. Third-class lever Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  28 11-3 Origins and Insertions Learning Outcome: Predict the actions of a muscle on the basis of its origin and insertion, and explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movements.  Origins and insertions – Fixed point of attachment of a muscle to bone is the origin – Movable point of attachment is the insertion – Origin is usually proximal to insertion Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  29 11-3 Origins and Insertions  Actions – Movements produced by muscle contraction – Example: adduction, elevation, pronation, etc. – Described in terms of effect on bone or joint Example: flexion of the forearm, or flexion at the elbow Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  30 11-3 Origins and Insertions  Muscle interactions – Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency – Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles  Four terms refer to how muscles work together – Agonist – Antagonist – Synergist – Fixator Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  31 11-3 Origins and Insertions  Agonist (prime mover) – Mostly responsible for producing a particular movement  Antagonist – Opposes movement of a particular agonist  Synergist – A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist  Fixator – A synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  32 11-3 Origins and Insertions  Muscle opposition – Agonists and antagonists work in pairs When one contracts, the other stretches Such as flexors–extensors and abductors– adductors Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–3 Muscle Action (Part 1 of 3). Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–3 Muscle Action (Part 2 of 3). Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–3 Muscle Action (Part 3 of 3). Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  36 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles Learning Outcome: Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function.  The body has approximately 700 skeletal muscles  Names of muscles include descriptive information about – Region of the body (e.g., temporalis) – Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Structural characteristics – Action Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  37 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating specific regions of the body – Abdominal (abdomen) – Ancon (elbow) – Auricular (ear) – Brachial (arm) – Capitis (head) – Carpi (wrist) – Cervicis (neck) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  38 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating specific regions of the body – Coccygeal (coccyx) – Costal (rib) – Cutaneous (skin) – Femoris (thigh) – Glossal (tongue) – Hallux (great toe) – Ilium (groin) – Inguinal (groin) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  39 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating specific regions of the body – Lumbar (lumbar region) – Nasalis (nose) – Nuchal (back of neck) – Ocular (eye) – Oris (mouth) – Palpebra (eyelid) – Pollex (thumb) – Popliteal (posterior to knee) – Psoas (loin) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  40 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating specific regions of the body – Radial (forearm) – Scapular (scapula) – Temporal (temple) – Thoracic (thorax) – Tibial (tibia; shin) – Ulnar (ulna) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  41 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Externus (superficialis) Muscles visible at body surface – Internus (profundus) Deeper muscles – Extrinsic muscles Position or stabilize an organ – Intrinsic muscles Located entirely within an organ Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  42 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Transversus muscles Run across the long axis of the body – Oblique muscles Run at a slant to long axis – Rectus (straight) muscles Run along the long axis Example: rectus abdominis Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  43 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Anterior (front) – External (on the outside) – Extrinsic (outside the structure) – Inferior (below) – Internal (away from the surface) – Intrinsic (within the structure) – Lateral (on the side) – Medial (middle) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  44 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Oblique (slanting) – Posterior (back) – Profundus (deep) – Rectus (straight) – Superficial (toward the surface) – Superior (toward the head) – Transverse (crosswise) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  45 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Structural characteristics – Origin and insertion First part of name indicates origin Second part indicates insertion – Example: genioglossus Number of tendons – Example: biceps brachii – Shape and size Example: trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid Many terms refer to muscle size Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  46 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating structural characteristics – Nature of origin Biceps (two heads) Triceps (three heads) Quadriceps (four heads) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  47 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating structural characteristics – Shape Deltoid (triangle) Orbicularis (circle) Pectinate (comblike) Piriformis (pear shaped) Platysma (flat plate) Pyramidal (pyramid) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  48 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating structural characteristics – Shape Rhomboid (parallelogram) Serratus (serrated) Splenius (bandage) Teres (round and long) Trapezius (trapezoid) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  49 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating structural characteristics – Other striking features Alba (white) Brevis (short) Gracilis (slender) Latae (wide) Latissimus (widest) Longissimus (longest) Longus (long) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  50 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating structural characteristics – Other striking features Magnus (large) Major (larger) Maximus (largest) Minimus (smallest) Minor (smaller) Vastus (great) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  51 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Action – Movements Example: flexor, extensor, pronator, etc. – Occupations or habits Example: buccinator means “trumpeter” Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  52 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating general actions – Abductor (movement away) – Adductor (movement toward) – Depressor (lowering movement) – Extensor (straightening movement) – Flexor (bending movement) – Levator (raising movement) – Pronator (turning into prone position) – Supinator (turning into supine position) – Tensor (tensing movement) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  53 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles  Terms indicating specific actions – Buccinator (trumpeter) – Risorius (laugher) – Sartorius (like a tailor) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  54 11-5 Axial and Appendicular Muscles Learning Outcome: Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular muscles.  Divisions of the muscular system – Axial muscles 60 percent of skeletal muscles Position head and vertebral column Move rib cage Form pelvic floor – Appendicular muscles Move and support pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 1 of 6). Anterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 2 of 6). Anterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 1 of 6). Posterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 2 of 6). Posterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  59 11-6 Axial Muscles Learning Outcome: Identify the principal axial muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation.  Axial muscles – Grouped based on location and function Muscles of the head and neck Muscles of the vertebral column Oblique and rectus muscles Muscles of the pelvic floor Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  60 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the head and neck – Muscles of facial expression Originate on skull – Muscles of mastication Move the mandible – Muscles of the tongue Names end in glossus – Muscles of the pharynx Begin swallowing process Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  61 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the head and neck – Extrinsic eye muscles Originate on surface of orbit Control position of eyes – Muscles of the anterior neck Control position of larynx Depress the mandible and tense floor of mouth Support muscles of tongue and pharynx Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  62 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of facial expression – Orbicularis oris Constricts the mouth opening – Buccinator Moves food across the teeth In infants, provides suction for nursing Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  63 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of facial expression – Muscles of the epicranium (scalp) Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis – Frontal belly and occipital belly are separated by epicranial aponeurosis – Platysma Covers anterior surface of neck Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–5a Muscles of Facial Expression. Lateral view ATLAS: Plate 3a–d Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–5b Muscles of Facial Expression. Anterior view ATLAS: Plate 3a–d Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  66 11-6 Axial Muscles  Extrinsic eye muscles (oculomotor muscles) – Inferior rectus – Medial rectus – Superior rectus – Lateral rectus – Inferior oblique – Superior oblique Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–6a Extrinsic Eye Muscles. Lateral surface, right eye ATLAS: Plates 12a; 16a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–6b Extrinsic Eye Muscles. Medial surface, right eye ATLAS: Plates 12a; 16a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–6c Extrinsic Eye Muscles. Anterior view, right eye ATLAS: Plates 12a; 16a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–6d Extrinsic Eye Muscles. Anterior view, right orbit ATLAS: Plates 12a; 16a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  71 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of mastication – Masseter Strongest jaw muscle – Temporalis Helps elevate the mandible – Pterygoid muscles Elevate, depress, and protract mandible Slide mandible from side to side (lateral excursion) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–7a Muscles of Mastication. Lateral view. ATLAS: Plate 3c,d Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–7b Muscles of Mastication. Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed. ATLAS: Plate 3c,d Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  74 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the tongue – All named for origin and insertion Palatoglossus Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–8 Muscles of the Tongue. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  76 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the pharynx – Pharyngeal constrictor muscles Move food into esophagus – Palatal muscles Elevate the soft palate and adjacent portions Pull open entrance to auditory tube – Laryngeal elevators Raise the larynx Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–9 Muscles of the Pharynx. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  78 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the anterior neck – Digastric Controls position of larynx Extends from chin to hyoid bone And from hyoid to mastoid portion of temporal bone – Mylohyoid Elevates floor of the mouth Depresses jaw – Geniohyoid Extends between hyoid bone and chin Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  79 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the anterior neck – Stylohyoid Between hyoid bone and styloid process of skull – Sternocleidomastoid Extends from clavicle and sternum to mastoid Turns head obliquely to opposite side – Omohyoid Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–10a Muscles of the Anterior Neck. Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 3a–d; 17; 18a–c; 25 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–10b Muscles of the Anterior Neck. Superior view ATLAS: Plates 3a–d; 17; 18a–c; 25 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  82 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the vertebral column – Erector spinae muscles Superficial and deep layers – Spinal flexors Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  83 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the vertebral column – Erector spinae, superficial layer Spinalis group Longissimus group Iliocostalis group Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  84 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the vertebral column – Erector spinae, deep layer Semispinalis group Multifidus Interspinales Intertransversarii Rotatores Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–11 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 1 of 2). Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  86 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the vertebral column – Spinal flexors Neck – Longus capitis and longus colli – Rotate and flex the neck Lumbar region – Quadratus lumborum – Flexes vertebral column and depresses ribs Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–11 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 2 of 2). Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  88 11-6 Axial Muscles  Oblique and rectus muscles – Lie within body wall – Oblique muscles Compress underlying structures Rotate vertebral column – Rectus muscles Flex vertebral column Oppose erector spinae Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  89 11-6 Axial Muscles  Oblique muscles – Cervical region Scalene muscles – Flex the neck and elevate ribs – Thoracic region External and internal intercostal muscles – Aid in breathing movements of ribs Transversus thoracis – Crosses posterior surface of sternum Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  90 11-6 Axial Muscles  Oblique muscles – Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic) External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  91 11-6 Axial Muscles  Rectus muscles – Rectus abdominis Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis Divided longitudinally by linea alba Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  92 11-6 Axial Muscles  The diaphragm – Divides thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities – Major muscle used in breathing Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–12a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm. Anterior view, cervical region ATLAS: Plates 39b–d; 41a,b; 46 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–12b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm. Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39b–d; 41a,b; 46 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–12c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm. Superior view of the diaphragm ATLAS: Plates 39b–d; 41a,b; 46 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–12d Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm. Transverse section through the abdominal cavity ATLAS: Plates 39b–d; 41a,b; 46 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  97 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the pelvic floor – Function to Support organs of pelvic cavity Flex sacrum and coccyx Control movement of materials through urethra and anus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  98 11-6 Axial Muscles  Muscles of the pelvic floor – Perineum Region bounded by inferior margins of pelvis Divided by ischial tuberosities into – Anterior urogenital triangle – Posterior anal triangle Pelvic diaphragm – Forms muscular foundation of anal triangle – Extends to pubic symphysis Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  99 11-6 Axial Muscles  Perineum – Urogenital and pelvic diaphragms Do not completely close pelvic outlet Urethra, anus, vagina (in females), muscles, nerves, and blood vessels pass through Sphincters permit voluntary control of urination and defecation Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 1 of 2). Female Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 2 of 2). Female Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 1 of 2). Male Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 2 of 2). Male Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  104 11-7 Appendicular Muscles Learning Outcome: Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation, and compare the major functional differences between the upper and lower limbs.  Appendicular muscles – Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles – Move upper and lower limbs – Two groups of appendicular muscles Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure11–14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk. Anterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk. Posterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  107 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Four groups Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Muscles that move the arm Muscles that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the fingers Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  108 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that position the pectoral girdle – Trapezius Large and superficial Covers back and portions of the neck Extends to base of skull Originates on midline of neck and back Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 1 of 2). Posterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  110 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that position the pectoral girdle – Serratus anterior Fan-shaped muscle on chest Originates along ribs Inserts on anterior margin of scapula Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  111 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that position the pectoral girdle – Subclavius Originates on ribs Inserts on clavicle – Pectoralis minor Originates on ribs Attaches to coracoid process of scapula Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 1 of 2). Anterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 2 of 2). Anterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  114 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that position the pectoral girdle – Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae Deep to trapezius Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insert on vertebral border of each scapula Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 2 of 2). Posterior view Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  116 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the arm – Deltoid The major abductor – Supraspinatus Assists deltoid Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2). Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  118 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the arm – Subscapularis and teres major Produce medial rotation at shoulder – Infraspinatus and teres minor Produce lateral rotation at shoulder – Coracobrachialis Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 2 of 2). Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 2 of 2). Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  121 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the arm – Pectoralis major Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus Produces flexion at shoulder joint – Latissimus dorsi Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus Produces extension at shoulder joint Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2). Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2). Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  124 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Rotator cuff – Muscles involved in shoulder rotation Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and their tendons Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  125 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the forearm and hand – Most originate on humerus and insert on forearm and wrist – Exceptions The major flexor (biceps brachii) The major extensor (triceps brachii) – Biceps brachii and long head of triceps brachii originate on scapula Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  126 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the forearm and hand – Extensors Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm – Flexors Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  127 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Extensors of the elbow – Triceps brachii Long head originates on scapula Inserts on olecranon of ulna – Anconeus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Figure 11–17a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand. Posterior view, superficial layer. ATLAS: Plates 27a–c; 29a; 30; 33a–d; 37a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  129 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Flexors of the elbow – Biceps brachii Flexes elbow and supinates forearm Stabilizes shoulder joint Originates on scapula Inserts on radial tuberosity of radius – Brachialis and brachioradialis Flex the elbow Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–17b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand. Anterior view, superficial layer ATLAS: Plates 27a–c; 29a; 30; 33a–d; 37a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  131 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles involved in supination and pronation – Supinator and pronator teres Originate on humerus and ulna Rotate radius – Pronator quadratus Originates on ulna Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of supinator or biceps brachii Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–18e Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers. Supination and pronation Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  133 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Flexors of the wrist – Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes and adducts wrist – Flexor carpi radialis Flexes and abducts wrist – Palmaris longus Flexes wrist Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–17b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand. Anterior view, superficial layer ATLAS: Plates 27a–c; 29a; 30; 33a–d; 37a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  135 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Extensors of the wrist – Extensor carpi radialis Extends and abducts wrist – Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends and adducts wrist Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Figure 11–17a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand. Posterior view, superficial layer. ATLAS: Plates 27a–c; 29a; 30; 33a–d; 37a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  137 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Tendons of forearm muscles that cross the wrist pass through synovial tendon sheaths  Extensor retinaculum – Wide band of connective tissue – Posterior surface of wrist – Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles  Flexor retinaculum – Anterior surface of wrist – Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand. Right hand, posterior view ATLAS: Plates 37b; 38c–f Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–19a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand. Right hand, anterior (palmar) view ATLAS: Plates 37b; 38c–f Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  140 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the fingers – Extrinsic muscles of the hand Lie in forearm Only tendons cross wrist Provide strength and gross movement of hand and fingers Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–18a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers. Anterior view, middle layer Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–18b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers. Anterior view, deepest layer Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–18c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers. Posterior view, middle layer Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–18d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers. Posterior view, deepest layer Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  145 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the fingers – Intrinsic muscles Originate on carpal and metacarpal bones No muscles originate on phalanges Only tendons extend across distal joints of fingers Provide fine motor movement of the hand Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–19a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand. Right hand, anterior (palmar) view ATLAS: Plates 37b; 38c–f Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand. Right hand, posterior view ATLAS: Plates 37b; 38c–f Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  148 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton Permits little movement Few axial muscles influence position of pelvis – A range of movements is possible in lower limbs Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  149 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that position the lower limbs – Three functional groups Muscles that move the thigh Muscles that move the leg Muscles that move the foot and toes Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  150 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the thigh – Gluteal muscles – Lateral rotators – Adductors – Iliopsoas Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  151 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Gluteal muscles – Gluteus maximus Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip – Tensor fasciae latae Works with gluteus maximus To pull on iliotibial tract of lateral surface of thigh – Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus Originate anterior to gluteus maximus Insert on greater trochanter of femur Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–20a Muscles That Move the Thigh. Gluteal region, posterior view ATLAS: Plates 68a–c; 72a,b; 73a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–20b Muscles That Move the Thigh. Lateral view ATLAS: Plates 68a–c; 72a,b; 73a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  154 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Lateral rotators – Group of six muscles, including the dominant Piriformis Obturator Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Figure 11–20c Muscles That Move the Thigh. Posterior view, deep muscles. ATLAS: Plates 68a–c; 72a,b; 73a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Figure 11–20d Muscles That Move the Thigh. Anterior view of the iliopsoas and adductor groups. ATLAS: Plates 68a–c; 72a,b; 73a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  157 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Adductors – Pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, and gracilis Produce hip flexion and adduction – Adductor magnus Produces adduction and extension or flexion Also, medial or lateral rotation at hip Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  158 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Iliopsoas – Two hip flexors that insert on the same tendon – Psoas major – Iliacus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Figure 11–20d Muscles That Move the Thigh. Anterior view of the iliopsoas and adductor groups ATLAS: Plates 68a–c; 72a,b; 73a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  160 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the leg – Flexors of the knee Most originate on edges of pelvis Insert on tibia and fibula – Knee extensors Most originate on shaft of femur Insert on the patella Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  161 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Flexors of the knee – Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus – Sartorius – Popliteus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–21a Muscles That Move the Leg. Hip and thigh, posterior view ATLAS: Plates 69a,b; 70b; 72a,b; 74; 76a,b; 78a–g Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  163 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Knee extensors – Quadriceps femoris consists of Three vastus muscles Rectus femoris Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–21b Muscles That Move the Leg. Quadriceps femoris and thigh muscles, anterior view ATLAS: Plates 69a,b; 70b; 72a,b; 74; 76a,b; 78a–g Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–21c Muscles That Move the Leg. Sectional view ATLAS: Plates 69a,b; 70b; 72a,b; 74; 76a,b; 78a–g Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  166 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Muscles that move the foot and toes – Extrinsic muscles that produce plantar flexion 1. ​Gastrocnemius 2. ​Soleus 3. ​Fibularis muscles 4. ​Tibialis posterior – Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 1 of 2). Posterior views ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2). Posterior views ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  169 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at ankle – Tibialis anterior Opposes the gastrocnemius Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  170 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at toes – Extensor digitorum longus – Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinacula stabilize synovial tendon sheaths of these muscles Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Lateral view ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Medial view ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  174 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at toes – Flexor digitorum longus – Flexor hallucis longus Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2). Posterior views ATLAS: Plates 81a,b; 82a,b; 84a,b Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  176 11-7 Appendicular Muscles  Intrinsic muscles of the foot – Originate on tarsal and metatarsal bones – Move toes and maintain longitudinal arch of foot Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–23a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot. Dorsal view ATLAS: Plates 84a; 85a,b; 86c; 87a–c; 89 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–23b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot. Plantar view, superficial layer ATLAS: Plates 84a; 85a,b; 86c; 87a–c; 89 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–23c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot. Plantar view, deep layer ATLAS: Plates 84a; 85a,b; 86c; 87a–c; 89 Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  180 11-8 Effects of Exercise (1 of 1) Learning Outcome: Explain the functional relationship between the muscular system and other body systems, and explain the role of exercise in producing various responses in other body systems.  Muscular system is supported by other systems – Cardiovascular system Delivers oxygen and nutrients Removes carbon dioxide – Respiratory system Responds to oxygen demand of muscles – Integumentary system Disperses heat from muscle activity – Nervous and endocrine systems Direct responses of all systems Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–24 Integration of the MUSCULAR system with the other body systems presented so far. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved